Lab Practical 2

function and location of the oral cavity

eating and speaking, mouth

function and location of pharynx

passageway for air, food, and water, throat

function and location of esophagus

passes food and liquid to your stomach, behind the trachea

function and location of stomach

receives and digests food from the esophagus, left side of the upper abdomen

function and location of small intestine

connects the stomach and large intestine while further digesting food, between the stomach and large intestine

function and location of large intestine

where food waste is turned into poop, stored, and excreted, lower abdomen

function and location of rectum

receives waste from the colon and stores it, lower part of the large intestine

function and location of anus

where poop comes out of the body, end of the rectum

function and location of liver

removes toxins from the body’s blood supply, beneath the rib cage in the right upper abdomen

function and location of gallbladder

stores and releases bile to help your digestive system break down fats, upper right abdomen

function and location of pancreas

breaks down sugars, fats, and starches, inside the abdomen and behind the stomach

liver produces

bile

digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas

trypsin and pancreatic amylase

Lipase

secreted by the pancreas, splits fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Pancreatin + bile and cream

digests fat the quickest

Lugol’s Solution

detects for the presence of starch, indicated by a blue-black color

complete digestion of starch by salivary amylase

leaves only sugar, indicated by an amber color

What is letter A?

superior vena cava

What is letter B?

pulmonary semilunar valve

What is C?

right atrium

What is D?

tricuspid atrioventricular valve

What is E?

right ventricular

What is F?

inferior vena cava

What is G?

aorta

What is letter H?

pulmonary artery

What is letter I?

pulmonary vein

What is letter J?

left atrium

What is letter K?

aortic semilunar valve

What is letter L?

atrioventricular valve

What is letter M?

left ventricle

pulmonary circuit

blue, carries oxygen-depleted blood from the heart through the pulmonary arteries to the capillary beds where oxygen is unloaded

systemic circuit

red, takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart through systemic arteries and conveys it to the rest of the

portal vein

connects two capillary beds

hepatic portal vein

transports blood from capillary beds in the intestines, stomach, and spleen

order of systemic blood flow

heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, heart

carotid artery

supplies blood to the head and brain

jugular vein

drains blood from the brain and head

coronary artery

supplies blood to the heart muscle

renal artery

supplies blood to the kidneys

renal vein

drains blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

femoral artery

major artery supplying blood to the leg

what is letter A?

aorta

What is letter B?

right coronary artery

what is letter C?

left coronary artery

what is letter D?

anterior interventricular artery

what is letter E?

apex

What is letter A?

jugular vein

what is b?

superior vena cava

what is c?

hepatic portal vein

what is d?

brachial artery

what is e?

inferior vena cava

what is f?

radial artery

what is g?

femoral artery

what is h?

carotid artery

what is I?

aorta

erythrocytes

red blood cells

each erythrocyte contains

the pigment hemogoblin that transports oxygen and gives blood its red color

name the leukocytes (white blood cells)

basophil

name the leukocytes (white blood cells)

monocyte- leaves the blood to form macrophages

name the leukocytes (white blood cells)

eosinophil-destruction of antigen-antibody complex for larger parasites

name the leukocytes (white blood cells)

neutrophil-increases blood flow to the affected area

name the leukocytes (white blood cells)

lymphocyte- performs many functions central to immunity

what is the percentage of cells in whole blood that play a role in immunity?

0\.1%

Antigen

any substance that can cause the immune system to produces antibodies against it

A+ blood type

A, Rh antigen, B antibody, accepts A+ A- O+ O-

A- blood type

A antigen, B antibody, accepts A- O-

B+ blood type

B, Rh antigen, A antibody, accepts B+ B- O+ O-

AB+ blood type

A, B, Rh antigens, no antibodies, accepts all blood types

AB- blood type

A, B antigens, Rh (if exposed) antibody, accepts A- B- AB- O-

O+ blood type

Rh antigen, A and B antibody, accepts O+ O-

O- blood type

no antigens, A and B antibodies, accepts O-

main function of red blood cells

to transport oxygen

Arteries

have thick walls with several layers including connective tissue, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle

veins

returns blood to the heart

Lack of pumping indicates what?

no antigens are present on the erythrocyte

If the card indicates clumping of the A and Rh antigen, then the blood type is

A+, it also means that the antibody present in the blood plasma is B

Antigen

protein capable of initiating an immune response

antibodies

Y-shaped proteins that bind to specific foreign targets (antigens)

MHC

self marker displayed on the surface of all cells

macrophage

they engulf and destroy invaders, alerts Helper T cells to the invasion

memory cell

a type of B cell or T cell produced during a first-time encounter with a specific invader

B cell

divide and mature into a plasma cell, produces antibodies

Effector B cell (plasma cell)

mature B cell, they secrete large quantities of antibodies

Effector Cytotoxic T cell

directly destroys a body cells that is infected by viral or fungal parasites

Helper T cell

master control of the immune system, stimulates rapid division of B and T lymphocytes

Cytokines

a broad category of small proteins used in cell signaling that turn certain types of immune cells on an off

Perforin and simlar proteins

kills targets by punching holes into them

fungal cells

cells from mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, molds, and smuts

transplant cells

cells that are relocated from one site to another

AIDS

discovered in 1981 when a rare form of pneumonia, Pneumocytic carinii was found in healthy young people

How can HIV be spread?

sexual intercourse with infected individuals, IV drug use, blood transfusions, mother and tather to unborn child and breast milk

symptoms of AIDS

body rash, hair loss, memory loss, diarrhea, fever, night sweats, weight loss, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, intestinal bleeding and Kaposi’s sarcoma

Passive immunity

a temporary immunity that protects from disease by inoculation with antibodies that neutralize bacterial or viral antigens,

tetanus

also called lockjaw, is caused by bacterium in the soil

Polio

a viral disease that may cause permanent crippling and even death

Pertussis

a disease that affects children and causes coughing that can interfere with eating, drinking, and breathing

hemophilia influenza type b

a bacterium that can cause pneumonia and infections in blood, joints, bone, soft tissue, throat, and the covering of the heart

measles

causes a rash, high fever, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes

mumps

causes fever, headache, and inflammation of salivary glands, which can cause the cheeks to swell

rubella

can cause a slight fever, rash, and swelling of glands in the neck. a very serious problem in a pregnant woman, as the child can be born with defects