Lab Practical 2

Epicranius

raises eyebrows and skin of forehead

orbicualris oculi

closes and squints eyes

orbicularis oris

purses lips

Buccinator

pulls cheeks inward to produce sucking and whistling movement

zygomaticus major

retracts and elevates corner of mouth

Temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible as in closing mouth, biting

Masseter

elevates mandible as in chewing, biting

lateral pterygoid

moves mandible from side to side, protrudes and depresses mandible

medial pterygoid

protrudes and moves mandible side to side

Digastric

elevates hyoid and stabilizes it during swallowing and speech

Mylohyoid

elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, pushes food toward pharynx

Sternocleidomastoid

flexes head and neck when both sides contract; rotates head

Scalenes

move head laterally when contract, elevate rib cage with vertebral column relaxes, accessory muscles of inspiration

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm

erector spinae group

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

external intercostals

elevates ribs

internal intercostals

depress ribs

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

rectus abdominis

flexes vertebral column

external oblique

compresses abdomen

linea alba

midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles

levator scapulae

elevates scapula

serratus anterior

pulls scapula anteriorly and downward

pectoralis major

Adducts and flexes humerus

latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

Deltoid

shoulder; elevates the arm

teres major

extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm

biceps brachii

flexes forearm

triceps brachii

extends forearm

Brachialis

flexes forearm

Brachioradius

flexes forearm

flexor carpi radialis

flexes wrist and abducts hand

flexor digitorum superficialis

flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5

extensor carpi radialis longus

action: extend, abduct wrist

Supinator

supinates forearm

pronator teres

pronates forearm

pronator quadratus

pronates forearm

Iliopsoas

flexes hip

Sartorius

Flexes thigh on hip

tensor fasciae latae

flexes and abducts thigh

Gracialis

adducts thigh

rectus femoris

extends leg at knee

vastus medialis

extends knee

vastus intermedius

extends knee

vastus lateralis

extends knee

gluteus maximus

extends thigh

gluteus medius

abducts and medially rotates thigh

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg

Semimembranosus

Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

Semitendinosus

Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

tibialis anterior

dorsiflexes and inverts foot

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle

Soleus

plantar flexes foot

Plantaris

plantar flexion

sutures

fibrous joints in the skull

synchondrosis joint

-Cartilaginous joint

-Hyaline cartilage

-Synarthrosis

symphysis joint

bones grow together with cartilage and function as one (fibrocartilage)

synovial joints

freely movable joints

plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

condyloid joint

synovial joint that does everything except rotating

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

ball and socket joint

hip and shoulder joints

Flexion

bending a joint

extension

Straightening of a joint

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

rotation movement

the turning of a bone around its own long axis

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

Pronation

palm down

medial and lateral femoral condyles

origin of gastrocnemius

anterior cruciate ligament

ACL

posterior cruciate ligament

prevents posterior displacement of tibia

tibial collateral ligament (medial)

connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the tibia

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

ties femur to fibula

medial meniscus

C-shaped

lateral meniscus

O shaped

Patella

kneecap

quadriceps tendon

common tendon for quadriceps group, attaches to patella

patellar ligament

connects patella to tibial tuberosity

corrugator

draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly

levator labii superior

opens lips

depressor labii inferiors

draws lower lip inferiorly

zygomaticus minor

superior to major and elevates upper lip

risorius

pulls corners of mouth laterally (smirking)

mentalis

protrudes lower lip and chin for drinking and ‘doubtful’ expression

zygomatic bone

origin of the zygomaticus major

angle of mouth

insertion of zygomaticus major; blends with muscle fibers of orbicular oris and several others

sutures

rigid, interlocking

immovable for protection

contains short connective tissue fibers

allows for growth

synostoses

synarthroses

immovable joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

diarthroses

freely movable joint

syndesmoses

bones connected by ligaments

fiber length varies

little/no movement at distal tibiofibular joint

much movement at interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna

gomphoses

peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

fibrous connection: periodontal ligament

synchondroses

bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unties bones

Temporary epiphyseal plate joints

Cartilage of 1st rib

All are synarthrotic