keystone preperation

fiction vs. nonfiction

fiction comes from imagination vs nonfiction that is solely based on facts.

figurative language

used to compare one idea to a second idea to make the first idea easier to visualize

purpose of figurative language

to communicate an idea that is not easily understood because of its complexity

authors purpose

author’s reason for writing. P.I.E. = persuade, inform, or entertain. We can ask ourselves about word choice, tone, connotations, and opinions an author inclides in the writing to find the author’'s purpose

metaphor

use it to compare or contrast without using like or as. They use it to enhance their writing so the reader can better understand whats being portrayed.

simile

in order to show a reader direct characteristics in order to relate ideas to something the readers knows well, allowing them to visualize and uderstand that story much better than if the smile was not uses

personification

an author may use personification in order to give human like characteristics in order to aff lifelike personalities to inaminate features that may contribute as an antagonist. This gives further depth into what is being descrived adding extra details to give a better understanding

foreshadowing

hinst as what may happen next in the book and keeps the readers interested.

irony

adds humor, makes the story less mundane and more unpredicatble

Dialect

to help writers brig characters to life

Allusion

to add context to a story by refrencing a well known person

Hyperbole

to emphasize a certain situation, create dramatic effect, create vivid imagery, covey intesity or emotion

Symbolism

to show a deeper meaning and reveal the theme

allegory

a simple phrase or story that is used to shpw the moral or lesson learned

imagery

detailed descriptin that paints a distinct picture

flashback

to provide insight into a characters history

Keystone exam; Constructed response grading

CCAR

Clear

Complete

Acurate

Relevant

main idea

the key information that the author wants you to know after reading

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central point or message that the author wants to convey

main idea vs theme

the main idea is what the text is mostly about. the theme is the message, lesson , or moral of a book

finding the main idea

ask what or whome the author is writing about

ask “what does the author want me to know about this topic?”

authours often explicitly state the main idea in the intro or conclusion

look for reversial transitions…. words like but, otherwise, however…

look for idea tha are repeated in different ways

connotation

the way culture around a word

further expands how the word is meant

a feeling a word evokes

denotation

dictionary definition

formal

satire

making fun of things

comedy + social activism

joke

Satire is the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice or folly. a literary composition, in verse or prose, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule.

purpose of satire

promote change through comedy

Affix

One or more letters occurring as a bound form attached to the beginning, end, or base of a word and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form (e.g., a prefix or suffix).

Allegory

A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning may have moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas such as charity, greed, or envy.

alliteration

the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words

Allusion

an implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person place or event

analysis

The process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another.

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Antonym

A word that is the opposite in meaning to another word.

Argument/position

The position or claim the author establishes. Arguments should be supported with valid evidence and reasoning and balanced by the inclusion of counterarguments that illustrate opposing viewpoints.

Author’s purpose

The author’s intent either to inform or teach someone about something, to entertain people or to persuade or convince his/her audience to do or not do something.

rhyming pattern

A rhyming pattern is a specific sequence of rhyming words at the end of each line in a poem or song. It is often represented using letters to indicate which lines rhyme with each other, such as ABAB or AABB. The rhyming pattern can help create a sense of rhythm and structure in the poem or song.

meter

the rhythm of a piece of poetry, determined by the number and length of feet in a line.

prose

written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.

stanza

A stanza is a group of lines in a poem, usually separated by a blank line from other stanzas. It is often considered as the equivalent of a paragraph in prose writing.

syntax

Syntax refers to the set of rules that govern the structure of programming languages and other computer languages. It specifies how statements and commands are written in a particular language and how they are interpreted by the computer. Correct syntax is essential for a program to function properly, and errors in syntax can cause the program to fail or produce unexpected results.

free verse

Free verse is a type of poetry that does not follow a specific rhyme scheme or metrical pattern. It is characterized by its lack of regular meter and rhyme, and instead relies on the natural rhythms of speech and language. Free verse allows poets to experiment with language and form, and often results in a more organic and spontaneous style of writing.

sonnet

A sonnet is a type of poem that consists of 14 lines and follows a specific rhyme scheme. It traditionally explores themes of love, beauty, and mortality. There are two main types of sonnets: the Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet and the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet. The Italian sonnet is divided into two parts: an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), while the English sonnet is divided into three quatrains (four lines each) and a final couplet (two lines).

ballad

A ballad is a type of poem or song that tells a story, often of a tragic or romantic nature. Ballads typically have a simple structure and employ a rhyme scheme, often using alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. They often feature a refrain or chorus that is repeated throughout the poem. Ballads have been a popular form of storytelling for centuries and have been passed down through oral tradition as well as written works.

heroic couplet

A heroic couplet is a pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter, often used in epic and narrative poetry.

Bias

The subtle presence of a positive or negative approach toward a topic.

Biography

a written account of another person’s life

Character

A person, animal or inanimate object portrayed in a literary work.

Characterization

The method an author uses to reveal characters and their various traits and personalities

(e.g., direct, indirect)

Climax

The turning point in a narrative; the moment when the conflict is at its most intense. Typically, the structure of stories, novels, and plays is one of rising action, in which tension builds to the climax.

Compare/Contrast

Place together characters, situations, or ideas to show common and/or differing features in literary selections.

Conflict/Problem

A struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces, or emotions.

Connotation

The range of associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its dictionary meaning.

Context Clues

Words and phrases in a sentence, paragraph, and/or whole text, which help reason out the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

Cultural significance

The generally accepted importance of a work representing a given culture

defense of a claim

Support provided to mark an assertion as reasonable.

Dialect

A variety of a language distinct from the standard variety in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

Dialogue

In its widest sense, dialogue is simply conversation between characters or speakers in a literary work; in its most restricted sense, it refers specifically to the speech of characters in a drama.

Diction

An author’s choice of words, phrases, sentence structures and figurative language, which combine to help create meaning and tone.

Differentiate

Distinguish, tell apart, and recognize differences between two or more items.

Drama

The genre of literature represented by works intended for the stage; a work to be performed by actors on stage,

radio, or television; play

Dramatic script

The written text of a play, which includes the dialogue between characters, stage directions and often other expository information.

draw conclusion

To make a judgment or decision based on reasoning rather than direct or implicit statement

elements of fiction

Traits that mark a work as imaginative or narrative discourse (e.g., plot, theme, symbol).

Elements of nonfiction

Traits that mark a work as reportorial, analytical, informative or argumentative (e.g., facts, data, charts, graphics, headings).

evaluate

Examine and judge carefully. To judge or determine the significance, worth or quality of something; to assess.

explain

To make understandable, plain or clear.

explicit

Clearly expressed or fully stated in the actual text.

exposition

A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.

fact

A piece of information provided objectively, presented as true.

falling action

The part of a literary plot that is characterized by diminishing tensions and the resolution of the plot’s conflicts and complications.

fiction

Any story that is the product of imagination rather than a documentation of fact. Characters and events in such narratives may be based in real life but their ultimate form and configuration is a creation of the author.

figurative language

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.

first person

The “first person” or “personal” point of view relates events as they are perceived by a single character. The narrating character may offer opinions about the action and characters that differ from those of the author.

flashback

An organizational device used in literature to present action that occurred before current (present) time of the story. Flashbacks are often introduced as the dreams or recollections of one or more characters.

focus

The center of interest or attention.

foreshadowing

An organizational device used in literature to create expectation or to set up an explanation of later developments.

generalization

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or pe||||||\\\\rson.

genre

A category used to classify literary works, usually by form, technique or content (e.g., prose, poetry).

headings, graphics and charts

Any visual cues on a page of text that offer additional information to guide the reader’s comprehension. Headings typically are words or phrases in bold print that indicate a topic or the theme of a portion of text; graphics may be photographs, drawings, maps or any other pictorial representation; charts (and tables or graphs) condense data into a series of rows, lines or other shortened lists.

Hyperbole

An exaggeration or overstatement (e.g., I had to wait forever.)

Imagery

Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.

Implicit

Though unexpressed in the actual text, meaning that may be understood by the reader; implied.

Inference

A judgment based on reasoning rather than on a direct or explicit statement. A conclusion based on facts or circumstances; understanding gained by “reading between the lines.”

Informational text

Nonfiction written primarily to convey factual information. Informational texts comprise the majority of printed material adults read (e.g., textbooks, newspapers, reports, directions, brochures, technical manuals).

interpret

To give reasons through an explanation to convey and represent the meaning or understanding of a text.

irony

The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result.

Key/ Supporting details

Points of information in a text that strongly support the meaning or tell the story. Statements that define, describe, or otherwise provide information about the topic, theme, or main idea.

Key words

Specific word choices in a text that strongly support the tone, mood, or meaning of the text.

Literary device

Tool used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the text (e.g., dialogue, alliteration).

Literary Element

An essential technique used in literature (e.g., characterization, setting, plot, theme).

literary form

The overall structure or shape of a work that frequently follows an established design. Forms may refer to a literary type (narrative, short story) or to patterns of meter, lines, and rhymes (stanza, verse).

Literary movement

A trend or pattern of shared beliefs or practices that mark an approach to literature (e.g., Realism, Naturalism, Romanticism)

Literary Nonfiction

Text that includes literary elements and devices usually associated with fiction to report on actual

persons, places, or events. Examples include nature and travel text, biography, memoir and the essay.

Main Idea

The author’s central thought; the chief topic of a text expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic

sentence of a paragraph.

metaphor

The comparison of two unlike things in which no words of comparison (like or as) are used (e.g., The speech

gave me food for thought.

Monologue

An extended speech spoken by one speaker, either to others or as if alone.

mood

The prevailing emotions or atmosphere of a work derived from literary devices such as dialogue and literary

elements such as setting. The mood of a work is not always what might be expected based on its subject matter.

motif

A recurring subject, theme, or idea in a literary work.

Multiple meaning words

Words that have several meanings depending upon how they are used in a sentence.

narrative

A story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.

Narrator

A person, animal, or thing telling the story or giving an account of something.

nonfiction

Text that is not fictional; designed primarily to explain, argue, instruct or describe rather than entertain. For

the most part, its emphasis is factual.

opinion

A personal view, attitude, or appraisal.