Chapter 7: Structure and Function of the Human Body

Physiology

The study of the functions (how and why something works) of these structures

diseases

abnormal conditions

Pathophysiology

the study of why diseases occur and how the body changes in function in reaction to these diseases

Etiology

the study of the causes of diseases

Signs

objective evidence of an illness. meaning a health care professional can observe them. they include patient behaviors, visible marks on the body and test results

Symptoms

they are subjective. meaning they can't be directly observed by the health care professional but are observed by the patient

syndromes

not a precise disease but a group of related signs and symptoms

Diagnostic procedures

tests performed to determine the diagnosis

diagnosis

finding out the name of a disease or syndrome

treatment

medications or procedures used to control or cure a disease

prognosis

prediction of the possible outcome of a disease and potential for recovery

prevention

behaviors that promote health and prevent disease

wellness

is experienced when the body maintains homeostasis

illness

occurs when one or more of the body's control systems lose the ability to maintain homeostasis

Skeletal system

gives shape to the body, provides places to which muscles can attach to produce movement, protects the internal organs, stores minerals, manufactures blood cells.

long bones

longer than they are wide e.g. humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, finger, and toes

short bones

similar in length and width e.g. bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

flat bones

two layers with space between them e.g. cranium, ribs, shoulder blade (scapula), breast bone (sternum), and pelvis

irregular bones

those that do not fit into other categories e.g. spinal column (vertebrae) facial bones and patella

medullary cavity (canal)

center cavity contains yellow bone marrow (primarily fat cells); covered by a layer called endosteum

diaphysis

portion that runs between the ends of bone, aka the shaft

epiphyses

ends of bone (proximal and distal)

periosteum

white fibrous layer that covers the outside of bone; contains blood, lymph vessels, and nerves. in it occur bone growth, bone repair, and nutrients. also serves as the attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

red marrow

manufactures the red blood cells, which carry oxygen, and white blood cells, which protect the body from infections

cartilage

elastic connective tissue that covers the end of bones and function as a cushion between bones. also covers the surface of the joints and forms the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the ear lobes and the tip of the nose

axial skeleton

skull, inner ear, hyoid, spinal column, ribs, sternum. head has 29 bones and trunk has 51 bones

appendicular skeleton

shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet. upper has 64 bones and lower has 62 bones

temporal

shapes around the ears

occupital

shapes the base and back of the head

parietal

shapes the top and sides of head

frontal

shapes the forehead

sphenoid

bat shaped bone that forms part of the cranial floor that acts as a bridge between the cranial and facial bones and braces the sides of the skull

ethmoid

located between the eyes and anterior to the sphenoid bone that forms part of the cranial floor, medial surface of the orbit of eyes and the roof and sides of the nasal cavity.

nasal bone

shapes the nose

lacrimal

located in the inner corner of the eye (tear duct)

maxilla

shapes the upper jaw

zygomatic

shapes the cheeks

mandible

shapes the lower jaw( the only movable bone in the face)

palatine

shapes the hard palate of the mouth

suture lines

areas where cranial bones have been joined together

sinus

air cavity within a bone that acts as a resonating chamber for voice quality

foramina

an opening in the bone for blood vessels and nerves to pass through

spinal column

consists of 26 vertebrae that serve to protect the spinal cord, support the head, and give shape to the back

intervertebral disks

what seperates and cushions the vertebrae. they are made of cartilage

ribs

there are 12 pairs. They give shape to the chest wall and protect the internal organs.

true ribs

the first 7 pairs of ribs. they attach to the sternum or breast bone in the front of the body

false ribs

the last five pairs of the ribs. the first three pairs of these attach to cartilage of the rib above

floating ribs

the last two pairs of the ribs. they do not attach to the front of the body

xiphiod process

the small piece of cartilage at the bottom edge of the sternum

clavicle

shoulder bones

scapulae

shoulder blades

humerus

long bone of the upper arm that is connected to the scapula by muscles and ligaments

radius

one of the two long bones of the forearm. run up the thumb side

ulna

one of the two long bones of the forearm. proximal end forms the elbow that connects to the humerous

carpals

8 bones in the wrist that form 2 rows of bone

metacarpals

five bones that make up the palm

phalanges of the hands

bones in the hands. 3 in each finger except for the thumb which has 2; in total there are 14 in each hand

pelvic girdle

serve as areas of attachment for the legs and protect the internal organs of the lower abdomen. in adults itis formed by 3 fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

femur

long bone of the upper leg or thigh and is the longest bone in the body and fits into the acetabulum.

acetabulum

cavity of the ilium

fibula

one of the two long bones of the calf

tibia

one of the two long bones of the calf

patella

kneecap found in front of the knee joint

tarsals

7 bones in the ankle

metatarsals

5 bones forming the arch of the foot

phalages of the feet

each toe has 3 except for the big toe which has 2

joint

the connection between bones that allow movement

synovial membrane

cover the joints

synovial fluid

lubricating fluid produced by a synovial membrane. it allows joints to move freely and without discomfort

ligaments

fiberous connective tissue that connect one bone to another to create stability of the joint

bursa

small fluid filled cavity that serves as a cushion and prevents friction between moving parts such as tendins and bones

ball and socket joints

found in the shoulder and hip

hinge joints

found in the elbow and knee

arthritis

group of diseases involving the inflammation of joints

carpal tunnel syndrome

caused by pressure on a nerve in the wrist as a result of repetitive movement or trauma.

abduction

movement away from the median plane of the body

adduction

movement toward the median plane of the body

circumduction

movement in a circular direction

extension

straighten

flexion

to bend

pronation

turning the hand so the palm faces downward or backward or lying facedown

rotation

motion around a central axis

supination

turning the palm or foot upward or lying face up

muscular system

produce movement, provide support, and produce heat to maintain body temperature

cardiac muscle

located only in the heart. involuntary

skeletal muscle

attaches to bones. voluntary

smooth muscle (visceral)

locates in the walls of internal organs. involuntary

sphincer (dialator)

circular muscle that controls the opening and closing of passageway

4 characteristics of muscles

contractibility (tightenening of a muscle that makes it shorter and thicker), excitability (readiness to respond to various types of stimuli), extensibility (ability to be stretched), and elasticity (ability to return to it's normal length when relaxing).

tendons

strong, tough connective tissue

fascia

sheet-like membrane that covers, supports, and seperates skeletal muscles

fractures

broken bone

spiral fracture

caused by twisting motion

greenstick fracture

incomplete or partial fracture

compound fracture

broken ends of bone protrude through the skin

comminuted fracture

bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts

simple frature

bone does not break through skin

scoliosis

lateral to the side fracture

lordosis

inward curvature in the lumbar area

kyphosis

hunchback