Chapter 9: Joints

joint (articulation)

where 2 bones meet

arthrology

science of joints

kinesiology

study of musculoskeletal movement

bony joint

gap between two bones ossifies; bones become a single bone

synostosis

immoveable joint

synostosis

Bony joints are _____

fibrous joints

joints bound by collagen fibers

serrate suture

squiggly suture, looks like a puzzle piece

lap suture

suture that is in a diagonal line

plane suture

suture that is a straight vertical line

suture

binds the bones of the skull

gomphoses

tooth in socket; held by fibrous periodontal ligament

syndesmoses

longer collagen fibers, found in tibia/fibula and radius/ulna connection

synarthroses

immovable or ever-so-slightly moveable

cartilaginous joint

joint bound by cartilage

synchondroses

cartilaginous joints bound by hyaline cartilage; found in first rib and sternum

symphyses

cartilaginous joints bound by fibrocartilage; found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

amphiarthroses

slightly moveable

amphiarthroses

Cartilaginous joints are _____

synathroses

Fibrous joints are _____

synovial joint

bones are separated by a joint cavity

synovial fluid

slippery fluid; feeds cartilages, removes wastes, friction free movement

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces

articular discs & menisci

absorbs shock, guides bone movements, distributes forces

articular discs & mesici

ex: jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular, & knee joints

bursae

fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid, where tendon passes over bone; cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over joints

tendon sheaths

elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon

tendon sheaths

found in hand and foot

diathroses

free moveable joint

diathroses

Synovial joints are _____

lever

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum

Mechanical advantage < 1.0

lever produces more speed or distance, but less force

Mechanical advantage > 1.0

lever produces more force, but less speed & distance

1st class lever

fulcrum is between effort and resistance

2nd class lever

resistance between fulcrum and effort

3rd class lever

effort between resistance and fulcrum

1st class lever

EFR or RFE

2nd class lever

ERF or FRE

3rd class lever

REF or FER

atlanto

occipital joint lies between muscles on back of neck and weight of face

range of motion (ROM)

degrees through which joint can move

multiaxial

moves on 3 axes of rotation (ex: shoulder joint)

monoaxial

moves on 1 axis of rotation (ex: elbow)

biaxial

moves on 2 axes of rotation (ex: wrist)

degrees of freedom

the direct a joint can move or rotate

ball and socket joint

a partially spherical head lies within a socket to allow for multidirectional movement

hinge joint

joint that allows for movement in primarily one plane, bends in one direction

pivot joint

a joint in which two ends of bones connect and allow for a ring movement around the joint

plane joint

joint between flat bones that glide over each other

saddle joint

joint that allows for movement in two direction: abduction or adduction and flexion or extension

condyloid joint

joint with an egg shaped bone that fits into a similarly shaped cavity

ball and socket joint

Humeroscapular joint is an example of an _________

hinge joint

Humeroulnar joint is an example of an _________

pivot joint

radioulnar joint is an example of an _________

plane joint

intercarpal joint is an example of an _________

saddle joint

trapeziometacarpal joint is an example of an _________

condyloid joint

metacarpophalangeal joint is an example of an _________

flexion

decreases joint angle

extension

straightens joint; usually returns body part to zero position

hyperextension

further extension of joint beyond zero position

abduction

the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

adduction

the movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

elevation

a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

depression

a movement that lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane

protraction

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

retraction

the posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

circumduction

one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other makes a circular motion

rotation

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

supination

movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

pronation

movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward

lateral flexion

tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline

lateral excursion

movement of the mandible to either the left or right

medial excursion

movement of the mandible back toward the midline

medial (internal) rotation

rotating toward the body

lateral (external) rotation

rotating away from the body

ulnar flexion

movement that tilts the hand towards the pinky

radial flexion

movement that tilts the hand toward the thumb

palmar abduction

moves the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorly

radial abduction

moving the thumb away from the index finger

opposition

to move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other four fingers

reposition

returning to the zero position from opposition

dorsiflexion

movement in which the toes are elevated

plantar flexion

movement of the foot so the toes point downward

inversion

foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other

eversion

foot movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other

temporomandibular joint

jaw joint

jaw joint

articulation of condyle of mandible with mandibular fossa

glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

shoulder joint

shoulder joint

supported by tendons of biceps brachii and rotator cuff and various other ligaments

supraspinatus ligament

infraspinatus ligament

teres minor ligament

subscapularis tendon

elbow joint

combination of humeraoulnar and humeraoradial joints

tommy john surgery

forming a new ulnacolateral ligament from another ligament elsewhere in the body

coxal joint

hip joint

hip joint

head of the femur into acetabulum of pelvis

tibiofemoral joint

knee joint

medial meniscus

fibular collateral ligament