AP bisc 225

anatomy

study of the structure of the body part

physiology

study of the function of the body parts

what are three examples of subatomic particles in the body?

electrons, protons, and neutrons

what are two examples of an atom in the body?

hydrogen atom and lithium atom

what are two examples of molecules in the body?

water molecule and glucose molecule

what are two examples of macromolecules in the body?

protein molecule and DNA molecule

what are three examples of organelles in the body?

mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus

what are two examples of cells in the body?

muscle cell and nerve cell

what are two examples of tissue in the body?

simple squamous epithelium and bone

what are four examples of an organ in the body?

skin, femur, heart, and kidney

what are three examples of an organ system in the body?

integumentary system, skeletal system, and digestive system

what is an organism in the body?

a human

positive feedback

a change is not reversed by intensified, and the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

pressure gradient

from high pressure to low pressure

concentration gradient

from high concentration to low concentration

extracellular fluid

water and dissolved substances found outside the cell that contains liquid portion of the blood, the plasma and the interstitial fluid

interstitial fluid

tissue fluid found outside the blood vessels; bathes cells in the body

intracellular fluid

all living things have this; contains water, along w substances dissolved within it

axial portion:

head, neck, trunk

appendicular portion:

upper and lower limbs

cranial cavity:

contains the brain

vertebral canal:

contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of the backbone

mediastinum contains:

heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

abdominal cavity contains

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

pelvic cavity

Terminal end of large intestines, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs.

oral cavity:

teeth and tongue

nasal cavity:

connecting with several air filled sinuses

Oribital Cavities:

containing the eyes and the associated skeletal muscles and nerves

middle ear cavities

containing the middle ear bones

integumentary system

protect tissues, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors

skeletal system

provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts

muscular system

causes movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

nervous system

detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands

endocrine system

control metabolic activities of body structures

cardiovascular system

move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout the body

lymphatic system

return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection

digetsive system

receive, break down, and absorb food; elimante unabsorbed material

respiratory system

intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood

urinary system

removes waste from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine

reproductive system

produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive cells

produce and maintain oocytes, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in the birth process

abdominal

region between the thorax and pelvis

acromial

point of shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

celiac

abdomen

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

costal

ribs

coxal

hip

crural

leg

cubital

elbow

digital

finger or toe

dorsal

back

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

genital

external reproductive organs

gluteal

buttocks

inguinal

depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)

lumbar

Region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin)

mamary

breast

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

inferior posterior region of the head

oral

mouth

orbital

eye cavity

otic

ear

palmar

palm of the hand

patellar

anterior part of the knee

pectoral

anterior chest

pedal

foot

pelvic

pelvis

perineal

the inferior-most region of the trunk between the thighs and the buttocks

plantar

sole of the foot

popliteal

area posterior to the knee

sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

sternal

middle of the thorax, anteriorly

sural

calf of the leg

tarsal

ankle

umbilical

navel

vertebral

spinal column

cell membrane

maintains integrity of the cell, controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell, and provides for signal transduction

ribosomes

synthesize proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, and synthesize lipids

Vesicles

contain substances that recently entered the cell, store in transport newly synthesized molecules within the cell and to other cells

golgi appartus

packages and modifies protein molecules for transport and secretion

mitochondria

release energy from food molecules and convert the energy into a usable form ATP

Lysosomes

contain enzymes that break down worn cell your parts or substances that enter cells

Peroxisomes

contain enzymes called peroxidases, important in the breakdown of many organic molecules

Centrsome

helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division, initiates formation of cilia

cilia

some cilia propel fluids over cell surface others are sensory

flagellum

enable sperm cell to move

microfilaments and microtubules

support cytoplasm, help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope/membrane

maintains the integrity of the nucleus and controls passage of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Chromatin

carries information for synthesizing proteins

Nucleolus

site of ribosome formation