A & P: chapter 5 study material

histology

the study of tissues and how they are arranged in organs

tissue

mass of similar cells that perform a specific function

• epithelial

• connective

• nervous

• muscular

list the 4 primary tissues:

Epithelium

a sheet of tissue composed of by one or more layers of closely adhering cells, usually serving as the internal lining of a hollow organ or body cavity or the external surface of an organ

Epithelium

protection, secretion, and absorption

Epithelium

creates a wall that controls what goes into and out of us

epidermis (skin), inner lining of the digestive tract, and the liver and other glands

list examples of where epithelial tissue is found:

basement membrane

layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

basement membrane

contains collagen and other proteins

basement membrane

serves to anchor the epithelium to the connective tissue below

basement membrane

regulates the exchange of materials between the epithelium and its underlying tissues

• Simple: single-layered, all cells contact the basement 

                 membrane

• Stratified: multiple-layered, ranging from 2-20 layers

list and describe the two broad categories of epithelium:

4 in each; 8 total

how many types of epithelial tissues are in each of the two categories?

• Squamous

• Cuboidal

• Columnar

• Pseudostratified Columnar

list examples of simple epithelia:

Pseudostratified Columnar

looks like several layers but is only one

• Stratified Squamous 

• Stratified Cuboidal

• Stratified Columnar

• Transitional 

list examples of stratified epithelia:

transitional epithelium

cells are not uniform and take on a variety of different shapes

transitional epithelium

the shape changes based on whether they are stretched or not

transitional epithelium

can stretch without becoming porous

• urinary bladder

list examples of where transitional epithelium is used in the body:

connective tissue

a type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material

connective tissue

serves in most cases to support and protect organs or to bind organs to each other

connective tissue

most abundant, widely distributed, and variable of the primary tissues

connective tissue

tissue that fills the space between bones, muscle, and epithelium

• Fibrous Connective Tissue

• Adipose Tissue

• Supportive Connective Tissue

• Fluid Connective Tissue

list the 4 categories of connective tissue:

fibrous connective tissue

includes cells, fibers, and ground substance

fibroblasts, a large fusiform cell

what are fibers and ground substance produced by?

• collagenous

• reticular

• elastic

what are the 3 types of protein that make up fibrous connective tissue?

collagen

what is the most abundant protein in the body?

collagenous fibers

made of collagen

collagenous fibers

tough and flexible, resist stretching

collagenous fibers

collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles

• tendons

• ligaments

• deep layers of skin

where do collagenous fibers appear in the body?

reticular fibers

thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein

reticular fibers

form a spongelike framework for organs

reticular fibers

modified collagen

reticular fibers

appears in a loose web-like form

• spleen

• lymph nodes

where do reticular fibers appear in the body?

elastic fibers

thin fibers that branch and rejoin

elastic fibers

made of the protein elastin, which has a coiled structure

elastic fibers

what provides skin, lungs and arteries with their ability to stretch and recoil?

• skin

• lungs

• arteries

where do elastic fibers appear in the body?

ground substance

a gelatinous solution containing proteins and carbohydrates that fills the spaces in between the cells and fibers of connective tissue

ground substance

absorbs compressive forces and protects the cells from injury

2

how many types of loose connective tissue are there?

areolar tissue

very loosely organized fibers, mostly collagenous, with abundant blood vessels

areolar tissue

this tissue surrounds blood vessels and nerves, and serves as the connective tissue below epithelium

areolar tissue

allows blood vessels to reach the epithelium

reticular tissue

mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts

• lymph nodes

• spleen

• thymus

• bone marrow

what does reticular tissue form the framework of?

reticular tissue

fibers are more organized and form a net to hold cells in place

2

how many types of dense connective tissue are there?

dense regular connective tissue

type of tissue in which collagen fibers are closely packed and the fibers run parallel to each other

dense regular connective tissue

allows tissue to resist strong forces in one direction

• tendons

• ligaments

where is dense regular connective tissue found?

dense irregular connective tissue

has thick bundles of collagen, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions

dense irregular connective tissue

allows for the tissue to resist unpredictable stresses

• deeper layer of skin (dermis)

• around vital organs

where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

adipose tissue

fat tissue

adipose tissue

tissue that consists primarily of adipocytes

amount of lipid stored

why do adipose cells vary in size?

• energy storage

• cushions and protects organs like the eyes and kidneys

what does adipose tissue do?

• cartilage

• bone

what are supportive connective tissues in the body?

cartilage

relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix

cartilage

responsible for shaping and supporting the nose, ears, larynx (voice box), trachea, and parts of the thoracic cavity

chondroblasts

what produces cartilage?

chondroblasts

create a matrix around them and are left trapped in a small water-filled cavity called a lacuna

lacuna

small water-filled cavity

cartilage does not contain blood vessels in most cases

why is repairing cartilage a very slow process?

• hyaline cartilage

• elastic cartilage

• fibrocartilage

list the 3 forms of cartilage:

has a clear, glassy appearance with almost invisible collagen fibers

describe hyaline cartilage:

contains large amounts of elastin fibers

describe elastic cartilage:

contains coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen

describe fibrocartilage:

bone / osseous tissue

hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton

skeleton

supports the body as a whole and protects vital organs

2

how many types of bone are there?

• spongy bone

• compact (cortical) bone

list the 2 types of bone:

• fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones

• Contains many trabeculae that produce the spongy appearance

describe spongy bone:

trabeculae

what produces the spongy appearance of bone?

• denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye

• forms the external surfaces of all bones

describe compact (cortical) bone:

osteoblasts

what produces bone?

lacunae

what allows osteoblasts to survive?

vascularized

bone is highly ___

central (haversian) canals

bones contain ___ which run longitudinally in long bones

canaliculi

what supplies osteoblasts with nutrients?

canaliculi

small canals linking the central canals to the lacunae

blood

fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels

transport cells and dissolved matter throughout the body

what is the primary function of blood?

plasma

ground substance of blood

bone marrow

where are blood cells produced?

• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)- carry oxygen

• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)- defend against infection

• Platelets- form blood clots

list and describe the 3 types of blood cells

nervous tissue

specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals

nervous tissue

consists of neurons (nerve cells) and supportive glial cells

• brain

• spinal cord

• nerves

• ganglia

where is nervous tissue found?

muscular tissue

specialized to contract when it is stimulated, and thus to exert a physical force on other tissues

• Skeletal muscle

• Cardiac muscle

• Smooth muscle

list the 3 types of muscle tissue:

• Long, threadlike cells called muscle fibers

• Each cell contains multiple nuclei

• Striated- alternating light and dark bands

• Voluntary- we have conscious control over their function

describe skeletal muscle:

• Limited to the heart

• Striated

• Involuntary- we DO NOT have control over its function

• Shorter cells than skeletal muscle with only one nucleus

describe cardiac muscle:

• Lacks striations and is involuntary

• Cells are tapered at the ends and short

• Have a single, centrally placed nucleus

• Found in the iris, digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood vessels, and other organs

describe smooth muscle:

• iris

• digestive tract

• respiratory tract

• urinary tract

• blood vessels

where is smooth muscle found?