Botany Lecture Exam 3

Taxonomy

The science of classifying and naming organisms

Systematics

The study of living organisms

Classifying

Sorting into groups

occurs when a new organism is discovered

Identifying

determining the name of an organism that has already been classified

Utilitarian

Approach to botany that encases how we use plants

culinary, medicinal, aromatic

Plant habit, leaf Morphology

Theophrastus (historia planatarum), developed the first known classification system for plants; Based on form (tree, shrub, vine)

Meidicinal

De Materia Medica- about materials medicinal

included 600 medical plants

led to the doctrine of signatures

Doctrine of Signatures

the concept that plant parts that resemble human parts can be used to treat human parts (liverwart)

Multiple similarities

John Ray (Historia Generalis Plantarum

First to group plants based on monocot and dicot

Flower parts

Carolus Linnaeus (Species planatarum)

Father of taxonomy

the plant part of the book was based primarily on flowers

Phylogenetic approach

Based on evolutionary relationships

Cladistics

Method of classification based on phylogenetic analysis

Cladograms

Graph showing the phylogenetic relationships amount a group of organism

shows the evolution of plants

Clade

a group consisting of all descendants and their common ancestor

Polyphylectiv group

The group includes a common ancestor

Multiple similarities

• appearance

• biochemical molecular traits (similar DNA)

  • phylogeny

Taxonomic categories

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Problem with common names

1. a species may have many different common names (mountain lion, puma)

2. the same common name may be give to a different species

Scientific names are determined by

The International Code for Botanical Nomenclature

Endosymbiotic Theory

Discusses how mitochondria and chloroplasts may be come about

Sporic meiosis

plants, many algae, meiosis results in spores, alteration of generations, all plants have this type of meiosis

Gametic meiosis

meiosis that results in the production of gametes (animals, brown algae, oomycetes)

Zygotic meiosis

John Ray (Historia Generalis Plantarum

First to group plants based on monocot and dicot

Flower parts

Carolus Linnaeus (Species planatarum)

Father of taxonomy

the plant part of the book was based primarily on flowers

Tracheophyte

Vascular plant

Cladistics

Method of classification based on phylogenetic analysis

Cladograms

Graph showing the phylogenetic relationships amount a group of organism

shows the evolution of plants

Spermatophyte

Seed bearing plants

Trend in gametophye/sporophyte size

Primitive plants= longer gametophyte stage (ferns)

Advanced Plants= longer sporophyte size/gametophyte become smaller (cone and flower bearing plants)

General Characteristics of Prokaryotes

smallest organisms, simple, oldest organisms, very abundant, live in every environment

Protoplast

• Lack nucleus and organelles

• single circular chromosome

• ribosomes

• plasma membrane

Phylogenetic approach

Based on evolutionary relationships

Gram Positive

cell wall

Capsule

Protects the bacteria

Flagella

allows the bacteria to move around

Fimbriae

Allows the bacteria to stick to a cell

Pilus

• tube-like

• can allow for DNA exchange

Bacillus

• elongated, rod-shaped

• can form chains (filament)

• Ex. E. coli

Coccus

spherical shaped (streptococcus, staphylococcus)

Spirillum

s or spiral-shaped; Borrelia (Lyme disease)

Fission

one cell dividing into two (not mitosis)

Fragmentation

Fragments into smaller parts

Budding

a small bud forms at one end of the mother cells or on filaments called prosthecae

When bacteria are in favorable conditions they have a

high reproductive rate

Clade

a group consisting of all descendants and their common ancestor

Transduction

Genetic recombination by way of a virus

Transformation

• a bacterial cell that absorbs DNA from it’s surroundings

• a living cell absorbs DNA from a cell that has died

Endospores

• Dormant, resistant spore-like structures

• released when conditions are not favorable so they can reanimate

• killed when exposed to heat and pressure

Aerobic

use oxygen

anaerobic

still grows when no oxygen is present

Strict anerobe

will be killed by oxygen

facultitive anerobe

will grow with or without oxygen; grows better with oxygen

Saprotroph (saprobe)

• Organisms that live off of dead organisms

• decomposers

Parasites

Live off of living organisms at the expense of the living organisms

Symbiont

• live in a symbiotic relationship with another living organism

• gut bacteria

Photosynthetic autotroph

get the energy that they use to make food from light

Chemosynthetic autotroph

• Get the energy that they use to make food by oxidizing inorganic compounds

• found at the bottom of the ocean

Why are bacteria important

1. decompose dead organisms

2. cause disease

3. N2-fixation

4. autotropic bacteria are at the bottom of the food chain

5. form symbiotic mutalistic relationships

6. used in food and medicine

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) pigments

1. chlorophyll a

2. carotenoids

3. phycobilins- phycocyanin, phycoerythrin

Layers of thylakoid in cyanobacteria

connected to the cell membrane, inward folds, important to photosynthesis

Gelantinous sheath in cyanobacteria

surround cells and groups of cells, binds them together

Cyanobacteria stores

glucose instead of starch

Cyanobacteria live in

diverse habitats (desert, snow, hot springs)

Gas vesicles

can maintain a certain buoyancy

Heterocysts

convert nitrogen; anabaena, gloeocapsa, nostoc, ocillatoria, trichodesmium

Akinetes

allow the bacteria to survive in harsh conditions

Prochlorophyte pigments

• chorohyll a, b, carotenoids

Prochloron

• found on tropical shores

• symbionts in sea squirts

Purple and green bacteria

anaerobic, unique photosynthesis (does not produce oxygen)

Purple-sulfur and green-nonsulfur bacteria

Uses organic compounds instead of hydrogen sulfide

Heterotrophic bacteria

decomposers, pathogens, symbiont

Extremophiles

Live in extreme environments (hotsprings)

Halophiles

organisms that live in salty environments (brine shrimp)

Polyphylectiv group

The group includes a common ancestor

Mathangoens

• appearance

• biochemical molecular traits (similar DNA)

  • phylogeny

Taxonomic categories

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Problem with common names

1. a species may have many different common names (mountain lion, puma)

2. the same common name may be give to a different species

Scientific names are determined by

The International Code for Botanical Nomenclature

Colonies

Loose clumps of cell associated with each other

Filaments

Cells are connected forming a thread-like structures

Plankton

Free-floating aquatic organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton)

Thallus

Flat, undifferentiated body (seaweed)

Habitat of algae

Aquatic habitat or on land where there is moisture (trunks of trees)

Bloom

A dramatic increase of algae in the water

occurs when there is an input of nutrients (phosphorus/nitrogen)

harmful to animals

Algin

Used as a gelling agent in jams/candy (brown algae)

Carrageenan

Used as a thickening agent in sauces/creamers (red algae)

Diatomaceous earth

Used as an insecticide, in the health field (diatoms)

Isogamous

Produce organisms that are the same

Oogamous

Produce two different gametes

• large and stationary (egg)

• small and moves (sperm)

Ansisogamous

similar to isogamous but flagellated

Gametic meiosis in algae

meiosis resulting in gametes (rare, some brown algae)

Sporic meiosis in algae

meiosis resulting in spores (common, red algae/brown algae)

Endosymbiotic Theory

Discusses how mitochondria and chloroplasts may be come about

Clade

a group consisting of all descendants and their common ancestor

Polyphylectiv group

The group includes a common ancestor

Criteria for classification

Stores starch in plastids

Cell wall in Chlorophyta (green algae)

Made with cellulose

Problem with common names

1. a species may have many different common names (mountain lion, puma)

2. the same common name may be give to a different species

Scientific names are determined by

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Desmids

Colonial green algae examples

1. Volvox

2. hydrodictyon (water net)