Bio Final Study Guide Part 1

What are the properties of living organisms?

\-respond to stimuli

\-are able to reproduce

\-growth and development

\-homeostasis

What stimuli do organisms respond to?

light, sound, heat, and touch

Why do organisms reproduce?

to be able to pass on traits to offspring and keep the species from dying out

What is homeostasis?

the process of maintaining sta

What is the order of a feedback loop?

\

What is the most common feedback loop?

negative

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

lowering sugar levels

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

blood clotting or labor (in most cases lethal)

How does a negative feedback loop work?

How does a positive feedback loop work?

What are the 8 classification groups from broadest to most specific?

domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

What are the levels of organism organization from simplest to most complex?

organelle - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organisms - populations, communities - ecosystems - biosphere

What organism uses the term __division__ instead of __phylum__ in the classifications?

plants

What system can an organism live without?

reproductive system

What are the 3 domains of an organism?

Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya

What are the main characteristics of Archaea and Eubacteria?

unicellular prokaryotes, no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

What are the main characteristics of Eukarya?

more complex, have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

What are the 6 kingdoms?

protista - fungi - plantae - animalia - eubacteria - archaea

What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya?

1. protista
2. fungi
3. plantae
4. animalia

What are the main characteristics of the Kingdom Protista?

mostly unicellular, some autotrophic others heterotrophic, aquatic

What are the main characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi?

multicellular (except yeast), heterotrophic, absorptive heterotrophs, cell walls of chitin

What are the main characteristics of the Kingdom Plantae?

multicellular, photoautotrophs, use photosynthesis for food, cell walls of cellulose

What are the main characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia?

heterotrophic, ingestive heterotrophs

How do you write binomial nomenclature?

genus name is capitalized and written first, the species name is written second and is lowercase

What can a scientific name tell you about the relationship between different organisms?

demonstrates evolutionary relationships

What is a dichotomous key?

used to identify organisms where the organisms are given in pairs

What are the steps to the scientific method?

observation, hypothesis, experimental method, conclusion

What is an IV?

Independent variable; the variable controlled by you (changed variable)

What is a DV?

Dependent variable; variable affected by the change (not controlled by experimenter)

What is a CV?

Constant variable; variable kept the same throughout an experiment

What are ionic bonds?

bonds formed by transfer electrons

What are covalent bonds?

bonds formed when at least two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

What are hydrogen bonds?

weak bonds formed to hold molecules together but easy enough to break apart when needed

What are the 5 properties of water that are important to life resulting from the polar properties of water?

1\. cohesion

2\. adhesion

3\. high specific heat

4\. high heat of vaporization

5\. less dance as a solid

What makes water polar?

the oxygen end is negatively charged and the hydrogen end is positively charged

What is transpiration in plants?

a process of evaporation in plants due to capillary action

What is the process of transpiration in plants?

roots absorb water and use capillary action & evaporation to move water upwards to the leaves

What does pH measure?

how acid or basic a substance is

What are characteristics of acids?

pH below 7, sour, and corrosive

What are characteristics of bases?

pH above 7, bitter, and slippery

What is an exergonic/exothermic reaction?

a chemical reaction that releases energy

What is an endergonic/endothermic reaction?

a chemical reaction that absorbs heat/energy

What’s an example of an exergonic graph?

What’s an example of an endergonic graph?

What are enzymes?

proteins that act as catalysts

How do enzymes work as catalysts?

lower the activation energy

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

What are the monomers of carbs?

a carb, oxygen, and 2 hydrogens

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

nucleotides (phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base)

What are the monomers of lipids?

fatty acids and glycerol

What are the functions of carbs in cells?

provide energy (glucose, ATP)

What are the 7 functions of proteins in cells?

\-structure

\-enzymes

\-transport

\-communication

\-storage

\-antibodies

\-movement

What are the functions of nucleic acids in cells?

carry info for making proteins

What are the functions of lipids in cells?

absorbing energy

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary

What is primary structure of proteins?

linear sequence of amino acids

What is secondary structure of proteins?

proteins coil and fold into pleated sheets or helixes

What is tertiary structure of proteins?

when polypeptides join and R groups interact with each other (globular shape or confirmation)

What is quaternary structure of proteins?

when proteins are made up of more than 1 polypeptide strand (not all proteins)

What denatures proteins?

high temps and changes in pH

Contrast plant vs animal cells

plant:

* no centrioles
* photoautotrophs
* large central vacuole
* cell wall-made of cellulose
* few lysosomes
* no cilia

animal:

* centrioles
* no chloroplasts
* small to no vacuoles
* cell membrane only
* lysosomes
* cilia
* heterotrophs

Compare plant vs animal cells

* eukaryotes
* follow central dogma
* have mitochondria
* have cell membranes
* need ATP
* reproduce
* have cytoplasm

Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes:

* unicellular
* no membrane bound organelles
* no nucleus
* single circular chromosome

Eukaryotes:

* membrane bound organelles
* nucleus
* linear DNA/chromosomes (come in pairs)

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

* cell membrane
* cytoplasm
* ribosomes

What is the function of pili in a prokaryotic cell?

help in movement and adhering to surfaces

What is the function of a capsule in a prokaryotic cell?

prevent cell from drying out and helps cell cling to surfaces

What is the function of plasmid in a prokaryotic cell?

carrie’s nonessential genes that are copied separately

What is the function of the cell membrane?

to regulate what enters and exits the cell

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

surrounds nucleus and regulates what comes in and out

What is the function of the nucleus?

to make ribosomes and RNA

What is the function of ribosomes?

to make proteins for the cell

What are the functions if the cytoskeleton?

maintains cell shape and helps move organelles around

What is the function if centrioles?

to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell during cell division

What is the function of the mitochondria?

produces ATP (energy)

What is the function of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)?

makes proteins on its surface and threads the proteins to the interior to be transported

What are the 3 functions if the SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)?

makes membrane lipids, regulates calcium, and destroys toxic substances

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

modifies, sorts, and packages molecules from ER for storage or transport

What is the function of lysosomes?

break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts

What are 3 functions of cilia and flagella?

1. move cells
2. move fluids
3. move particles

What is the function if a central vacuole?

regulates water by pumping out excess

What is a leukocyte?

white blood cell

What is an erythrocyte?

red blood cell

What does the suffix -cyte mean?

having to do with a cell

What is the importance of surface area to volume ratio in cells?

if the volume surpasses the surface area too much the cell with explode

Why are cell membranes flexible?

to help the cell move

What is an integral protein?

proteins inserted through the membrane

What are peripheral proteins?

proteins attached to either inner or outer surface of the membrane

What is the function of peripheral and integral proteins?

to help transport molecules through the cell membrane

What are glycoproteins?

carb chains attached to proteins

What are glycolipids?

carb chains attached to phospholipids

What is the function of glycoproteins and glycolipids?

assist in cell to cell recognition

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

two phospholipids with the tails facing each other and the heads facing outwards (away)

What does it mean to be polar?

to be able to mix with water (water loving)

What does it mean to be nonpolar?

to not be able to mix with water (water hating)

Contrast active and passive transport

Active:

* requires additional energy (ATP)
* moves materials against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
* uses carrier proteins
* moves larger molecules

Passive:

* moves materials down the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
* no extra energy required

Compare active and passive transport

both control entry and exit of materials from cell

What happens to a RBC when placed in an isotonic environment?

nothing it stays the same

What happens when a RBC is placed in a hypotonic environment?

it over-expands and often explodes

What happens when a RBC is placed in a hypertonic environment?

it looses water and shrivels