A&P 261 - Exam 1 Set (Chapters 1, 3, and 5)

dense fibrous connective tissue

provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers; found in tendons. There is regular and irregular.

Anatomy

the study of form...
anatomy or physiology?

Physiology

the study of the functions of internal and external structures of the body...
anatomy or physiology?

Palpation

Sally comes into the ER with abdominal pain. The doctor begins using his hands to press on Sally's abdomen. This is known as....

Auscultation

Molly comes into the urgent care with a barking cough. The nurse pulls out her stethoscope and begins listening to his lungs. This is known as...

percussion

Little Billy comes into the doctors office for his annual physical. The doctor begins tapping on Little Billy's knee to test his reflexes. This is known as...

1. atom
2. molecule
3. macromolecule
4. organelle
5. cell
6. tissue
7. organ
8. organ system
9. organism

Rank the following in order of hierarchy from lowest (least) to highest (most complex)
1. organelle
2. tissues
3. organism
4. atom
5. macromolecule
6. molecule
7. organ system
8. organ
9. cell

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

receptor, integration system, and effector

The homeostasis controlled by the feed back mechanism that consists of three components...

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

positive feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

X-ray

This type of medical imaging makes up half of all imaging but is the most dangerous due to the amount of radiation.

CT scan (computed tomography)

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

PET scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task in which damaged tissues will appear dark in color.

sonography

use of sound waves to produce diagnostic images; also called ultrasound. contains the least amount of radiation.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

superior

above; toward the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

bilateral

both sides

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

near the surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ECF

There are three basic components of a cell

lipids

98% of membrane molecules are these type of macromolecule

Phospholipids

What is the main type of lipid found in the plasma membrane?

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

secondary active transport

Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

filtration

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, type of passive transport

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

Cytoskeleton

Composed of microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

What are the membranous organelles?

ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

what are the nonmembranous organelles?

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Rough ER

Continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope, often largest organelle
Produces phospholipids and proteins of nearly all cell membranes
Synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell

Smooth ER

Synthesizes steroids and other lipids
Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
Calcium storage

ribosomes

"read" coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code.

Golgi complex

a system of cisterns that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis

Lysosomes

Intracellular digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances
Autophagy—digestion of cell's surplus organelles Autolysis—"cell suicide": digestion of a surplus cell by itself

Peroxisomes

Neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins
Break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondrial use in ATP synthesis

Proteasomes

Contain enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Centrioles

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the 4 types of tissues?

epithelial tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Found in the epidermis of the skin

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

apical cellular layers retain nuclei; still alive; found in regions subjected to mechanical stress where surface must remain moist; mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function: protection

Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

loose fibrous connective tissue

Tissue composed mainly of fibroblasts widely separated by a matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers. Areolar and Reticular are two examples.

areolar connective tissue

Function: wraps and cushions organs

Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body

reticular connective tissue

Connective tissue that contains reticular fibers and cells; used to make the framework of major organs

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

dense irregular connective

Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides stuctural strength.

Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

white fat

Most common
Stores fat
Absorbs shocks
Slows heat loss (insulation)
This is the only fat in adults

brown fat

Tissue in neck and between shoulders of some mammals that is specialized for rapid heat production. Found in fetuses, infants, and children

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

Chondroblasts

cartilage forming cells

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

neurons and neuroglia

The two types of cells of the nervous system are

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

desmosome

a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together

tight junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

endocrine glands

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood

exocrine glands

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

merocrine glands

Glands that produce secretions intermittently; secretions do not accumulate in the gland. Examples include the ear glands, pancreas, gastric glands

Apocrie glands

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells