BIO135 Ch 1-4

BIO135 Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

Structure

Physiology

Function

Gross, Macroscopic

Structures examined without a microscope, visible to naked eye

Microscopic

Too small to be seen except under a microscope

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

What a structure can do depending on its form

Histology

Study of tissues

Cytology

Study of cells

Chemical Level

Atoms, molecules, and organelles combine to form cells

Cellular Level

Cells are made up of molecules and combine to form tissues. Smallest level

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells that have a common function. Combines to form organs

Organ Level

Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Combine to form organ system

Organ System Level

Organs that work closely together. Combine to form organism

Organism Level

Organ systems make up an organism. Largest level

Types of Tissue

Epithelial- covers the body surface. Connective- supports and protects body organs. Muscle- provides movement. Nervous- communicates with brain

Endocrine System

Hormone production, such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, pancreas

Integumentary System

Protects against exterior damage. skin, hair, and nails

Muscular System

Enables movement of the body and internal organs muscles, bones

Nervous System

Provides communication between and coordination of all body systems. brain, nerves, spinal cord

Digestive System

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, rectum, anus

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System

Transports/circulates everything. heart, arteries, veins, blood

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. nasal cavity, lungs, trachea, bronchus

Reproductive System

Produces offspring uterus, ovaries, prostate, testis

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. produces blood cells. Joints, bones

Urinary System

Cleanses the body. kidneys, bladder

Lymphatic System

Provides blood production, fluid balance maintenance, and defense against disease or infection. makes white blood cells bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph: fluid, nodes, ducts, and vessels

Thoracic Cavity

Heart and lungs. Lungs membrane- Pleura. Heart membrane- Pericardium

Diaphragm

Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs. Membrane: Peritoneum. Provides least protection

Dorsal Body Cavity

contains the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity. Cranial- brain. Vertebral- spinal cord

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Ventral Body Cavity

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Serous/Serosa Membrane

Outter layer- Parietal. Directly covering organ layer- Visceral. Abdominal and organs- Peritoneum. Lungs- Pleura. Heart- Pericardium

Abdominopelvic Regions

Hypochondriac , Epigastric, Hypochondriac

Lateral, Umbilic, Lateral

Inguinal, Pubic, Inguinal

Lateral (lumbar), Umbilical, Lateral (lumbar)

Inguinal (iliac), Pubic (hypogastric), Inguinal (iliac)

Responsiveness/Excitability

Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

5 Survival Needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state. Receptor- sensor. Control Center- determines level at which variable is to maintain. Effector- Carries out control centers response to stimuli

Negative Feedback

Responds to change in conditions by doing opposite. Work to minimize changes in value of controlled variable. Shivering, sweating are examples

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. oxytocin intensifies labor contractions during birth of a baby. Blood clotting also example

Homeostasis Imbalance

Disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease/illness

Axial

Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body

Appendicular

Limbs

MRI

Functional- tracks blood flow into various parts of brain

Mediastinum

pericardial cavity, encloses heart and surrounds other thoracic organs

Smaller Cavities

oral and digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial

Oral and Digestive Cavity

Mouth, teeth, tongue, and digestive organs

Nasal Cavity

Located within and posterior to the nose

Orbital Cavity

Skull house of eyes and presents them in anterior/ventral(front) position

Middle Ear Cavity

Lie medial to eardrums and contain tiny bones that transmit vibrations to receptors in inner ears

Synovial Cavity

Joint cavity, secretes fluid that reduces friction and allows free mobility

Nervous and Endocrine System

Major responsibility for ensuring homeostasis

8 Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, POOP, reproduction, and growth

Anatomical Position

Superior/Cranial & Inferior/Caudal

Above & Below

Anterior/Ventral & Posterior/Dorsal

Toward/Front of body & Behind/Back of body

Medial & Lateral

Toward midline & Away midline

Homeostatic Imbalance

Disease

Ventral & Dorsal Cavity

Regions

Body Parts

96% of Body Weight

C 18.5 + H 9.5 + O 65 + N 3.2 = 96

Charges

Proton +

Electron -

Neutron 0

Electron -

Neutron 0

Atomic Number

Protons = Electrons

Atomic Mass

Protons + Neutrons

Isotopes

Same element but different neutrons

Molecule

2 + atoms bond

Compound

Molecule with 2 or + with different atoms

Octet Rule

Atoms want 8 valence (outer) electrons

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons, STRONG

Ionic Bond

Attraction between opposite charged ions, INTERMEDIATE

Hydrogen Bonds

Attraction between a slight positive hydrogen and electronegative atom with slight negative, WEAK

Cation

Positive charge, losing electron

Anion

Negative charge, gaining electron

Polar Covalent Bond

Electrons not equally shared

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Equal sharing of electrons

Acidic

More hydrogen, releases hydrogen, < 7

Basic

Less Hydrogen, gains hydrogen > 7

10 Fold Increase/Decrease

Multiplying by 10 when moving along pH scale. 6 -> 4 = 100 more hydrogen, more acidic

Buffers

Substance that minimizes change in pH

Carbohydrates

Made of: C,H,O

Main energy for cells

-Saccharides

Starch - Plants

Glycogen - Animals in liver

Function: Fuel source, Main energy for cells, Structural (DNA, RNA)

Types: Mono saccharides- Simple sugar (glucose), 5C pentose, 6C hexose. Di saccharides- 2 mono saccharides (sucrose). Poly saccharides- Many mono saccharides. Plant- Starch. Glycogen- Animals, in liver

Lipids (FAT)

Made of: C, H, O, sometimes P. Long chains of C and H. Function: Fuel source, insulation, cushion, protection, structure (membrane). Types: Triglycerides, glycerol and 3 fatty acids, saturated (unhealthy, single strand, solid), and unsaturated (healthier, at least 1 double bond, liquid). Phospholipids, glycerol and 2 fatty acids and a phosphate. Phosphate group- hydrophobic tails (no water), hydrophilic heads (love water). Cell membrane structure. Steroids- cholesterol, in membranes basis of steroid hormones.

Proteins

Made of: C, H, O, N sometimes P or S

Function: immunity

Made of amino acids

4 Structural levels: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and quaternary.

Denaturation = Unfolding

Function: Structure, immunity (antibodies), muscle contraction, enzymes Made up of repeating sub units, Amino Acids. Structural Levels- Primary: chain of amino acids. Secondary: helix and pleated sheet. Tertiary: 3D, active. Quaternary: more than 1 chain of amino acids. Denaturation: Unfolding.

Nucleic Acids

Made of: C, H, O, N, P

Blueprints

Function: genetic blueprint

Made of repeating subunits.

Nucleotides 1) Phosphate group 2) Sugar DNA- Deoxyribose, RNA- Ribose 3) Nitrogenous Base DNA: A/T, C/G RNA: A/U, C/G

Structure: DNA Double helix. RNA Single strand.

Integral Protein

Firmly inserted into lipid bilayer

Transmembrane Protein

Integral protein, used for: channels to transport, carriers that bind and move,

Peripheral Protein

Loosely bound to surface

Glycocalyx

Sugar coating outside of plasma membrane

Tight Junctions

Impermeable, leak proof. EX: Lining digestive tract

Desmosomes

Anchoring, hold cells together, found in tissues with lots of mechanical stress. EX: Epithelial (SKIN)