AP Euro - Chapter 12 Section 1 - 4

State of Italy

An urban society with a bunch of independent city states.

Leon Battista Alberti

Florentine architect that emphasized individuality and said that "Men can do all things if they will" (people can do whatever they want to)

Economic Status of the Renaissance

It was gradually recovering due to manufacturing and trade

Hanseatic League

Commercial and military association in England and Northern Europe. Monopoly on northern European trade in timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wine

New Industries of the Renaissance

Wool, silk, glassware, metal items, precious stones, mining, and metallurgy

Medici Family

Hella rich banking family who had the greatest bank in Europe. The family was also involved in cloth production, real estate commerce, mining, silk, and wool.

1494: What happened to the Medici Family

They got expelled from French from Florence and took their property

1st Estate

Clergy

2nd Estate

Nobility

3rd Estate

Everybody else

Baldassare Castiglione

Guy who wrote "The Book of Courtiers" which explained the perfect noble.

The 3 attributes of the perfect courtier (noble)

1. Character and grace 2. Be athletic 3. Have classical education

Italian Slaves

Most were females and obtained from the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea Region. End of 15th century, slavery declined because it was lowk messed up and there were no more slaves.

Importance of Family Bond

Really important because it was a source of great security. If one guy in the family did a crime the family rep went down

Marriage

Strategical in the way marriages were to strength business or family ties. Children was binded by a legal contract.

Dowry

money from the wife's family to the husband upon marriage. Determined the social status of the Bride. More dowry = you get a man with high social status

Roles of Women

to give birth to a bunch of children

Sexual Norms in the Renaissance

bunch of cheating and prostitution and lack of emotional attachment. Age difference between husband and wife was really big, average 13 years.

5 Major States

Venice, Florence, Papal States, Milan, Naples

Francisco Sforza

leading condottieri (mercenary leader) who betrayed his homies and conquered the city . Created a highly centralized state.

Cosimo de Medici

Took control of the oligarchy in Florence. Dominated Florence with his grandson Lorenzo the Magnificent

Federigo da Montefeltro

Ruler of Urbino. He got a classical education, learned fighting and hired his family out as a condottieri(mercenary leader). Honest and reliable general.

Battista Sforza

Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro who was smart and ruled when her husband was absent. Respected because she governed the state with good sense

Isabella d'Este

Wife of Francesco Gonzaga, known for her intelligence and political Wisdom. Attracted artists and smart people and known for having the best library in Italy. She was also good at negotiating.

Peace of Lodi

Ended half century war and created a peaceful 40 year era in Italy. Made an Alliance system between Milan, Florence, and Naples

Ludovico Sforza

Duke of Milan, invited the French King to invade Italy

What two dynasties were fighting in Italy?

Hapsburg (Spain) and Valois (French)

What temporarily ended the war>

The sack of Rome in 1527

Role of Ambassadors

get useful information that would benefit their stat

Niccolo Machiavelli

A diplomat who wrote "The Prince" and explained how a ruler should behave. Believed that people are inherently bad and that rulers should try to maintain power even if what he does is bad

Cesare Borgia

Sone of Pope Alexander VI who used ruthless measures in order to make a new state in Central Italy. Machiavelli used him as an example of him

According to Machiavelli, was it better for a ruler to be loved of feared?

Feared because people will be scared to do anything bad because of the punishments a ruler might do to them and also men are bad so as long as they get what they want, they will shut up

Petrarch

Father of Humanism/ Characterized the Middle Ages as a period of darkness and the culture back then was ignorant of Roman and Greek influence

Civic Humanism

educated people should participate and do service for the state

Cicero

Classic Roman Intellectual and Statesman. Model for humanism.

Leonardo Bruni

Florentine humanist that wrote a biography of Cicero, "The New Cicero" where he glazed Cicero about his political and literary life. He emphasized civic humanism too

Lorenzo Valla

Wrote "The Elegances of the Latin Language" he tried to purify and restore Latin. He examined proper use of Classical Latin. He identified different stages of Latin throughout the years of its existence

Masilo Ficino

Guy who translated Plato's dialogue as commissioned by Cosimo de Medici. Also translated "Corpus Hermeticum"

Neoplatonism

Philosophy based on Platonic Philosophy which essentially said 1. there was a hierarchy of stuff (plants low; humans middle; God high) all parts of the universe are bounded by sympathetic love. Also people had divinity but lost it so they have to purify their souls to get that back and then they became true sages or magi.

Pantheism

Belief that divinity was in nature, outer space, and earthly objects. "God is in all things" - Giordano Bruno

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Late 15th century magi who wrote "Oration of the Dignity of Man" where he went through a bunch of philosophers stuff to uncover the universal truth. He emphasized individualism and the unlimited potential of humans

Vitorino de Feltre

Founded a school where the educational system was based of Classical authors like Cicero. His school emphasized PE and the school produced complete citizens. These schools were only for the elite and males.

Liberal Studies

The core of humanists schools. Included history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, poetry, math, astronomy, and music

Pietro Paolo Vergerio

Guy who made "Concerning Character" where he emphasized the value of liberal arts as the way to freedom and that it made people reach their full potential

Women in the Renaissance

more freedom but they were subjected to male authority

Isotta Nogarola

Mastered Latin and wrote letters and treatises

Cassandra Fedele

Learned Latin and Greek. Well known for her public recitations of orations

Laura Cereta

Activist who defended women's ability to pursue an education

Francesco Guicciardini

Made "History of Italy" and "History of Florence" which represented the beginning of analytical historiography. He emphasized political and military history and relied on personal examples and documentary sources

Johannes Gutenberg

Made "Gutenburg's Bible" first book produced from movable type

Effect of Printing

encouraged the development of scholarly research and the pursuit of knowledge especially with the public. Also encouraged collaboration among scholars and helped produced standard text

Leonardo da Vinci

One of the greatest Italian Renaissance artist who heavily took influence from nature and believed it should be the standard for artists.

Mosaccio

Artist who used monumental figures, depth, perspective, and realism for his stuff.

Sandro Botticelli

Painter influenced by Roman and Greek mythology. Famous for "Primavera"

Donato di Donatello

Florentine painter who made the statue of David which emphasized individualism. Influenced by Roman antiquity

Filippo Brunelleschi

Influenced from Roman Antiquity, architect who made the dome for the Duomo. He used arches, columns, and coffed ceilings, a sign of Roman Antiquity

The High Renaissance was dominated by who?

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael

Raphael

Italian painter who made "School of Athens"

Michelangelo

Painter, sculptor, and architect who was influenced by Neoplatonism. Famous for the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and also his statue for David which emphasized individualism and the beauty of being human.

Donato Bramante

Guy who made a small temple on Saint Peter's martyrdom site. He made it with Doric columns, reflective of ancient Rome

Status of Artists

Glazed like crazy, people thought they were artistic geniuses. They were able to get more money because of public respect.

Jan van Eyck

One of the first artists to use oil paints. Drew "Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride" which had hella detail

Northern Renaissance Art

Emphasized Detail, limited space

Italian Renaissance Art

human form was the focus, more space

Albrecht Dürer

Wrote "Oration of the Magi" where he tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty of the human form