COM101: Module 1-3

Language and Communication

Mother Tongue

* Language that a person has grown up speaking.
* From early childhood

L1

Mother tongue is the first language acquired or the ?

Dialect

A particular form of language peculiar to a specific region or social group.

Slang

Informal use of words and phrases which is more common in speech than writing.

Street Language

Slang is also known as ?

Jargon

Special words or expressions used by a **particular profession or group**

Lingua France

* **Language adopted as a common language between speakers**


* **Different native language**

Patois

\
* **Dialect of the common people of a region**
* **Differ in various respects from the standard language of the whole country**

Idiom

\
* **Group of words established by usage**
* Have a meaning that is not deductible from those of individual words

Cant

Denoting a phrase or catchword temporarily

Argot

**Jargon or slang of a particular group or class**

Lingo

**Vocabulary or jargon of a particular subject or group of people**

Pidgin

\
* **Grammatically simplified form of a language**
* Used for communication between people with different langua

Creole

\
* Formed from the contact of two languages
* Through an earlier pidgin state

Parlance

\
* **Particular way of speaking or using words**
* **Common to those with a particular job or interest**

Language

\
* **Wonderful and dynamic human capacity**
* Method of **human communication**

Spoken and Written

2 Methods of human communication (Language)

Language

System of conventional symbols (Spoken or Manual)

Express themselves

Humans use language (as members of a social group and participants in its culture) to ??

Features of Language

* Grammar
* Phonology
* Words
* Morphology
* Vocabulary or Lexion

Grammar

System of rules

Phonology

Sound system

Words

Smallest independent units of language

Morphology

Internal structure of words

Knowlegde of the Sound System

\
* Know what sounds or signs used in the language
* Knowing the sounds of a language involves knowing how one’s face should look like when producing it

Linguistic Language

Knowing a language meant that one can also be understood by others who know and speak the languag

Language Learning

* A conscious process
* Product of formal learning situation or self-study programme

Language Acquisition

* A subconscious process
* Based on the neuro-psychological process

Noam Chomsky

He believes that children are born with an **inherent ability** learn any human language

Linguistic Structures

Claims that certain **L__** __**S**__**__** must be already imprinted on the child’s mind

First Language

\
* Native language
* Mother/parent/father tongue
* Arterial language or L1

Critical Period

0-7 years old

Second Language

\
* Any language that one speaks other than the first language
* Foreign languag

Language Change

The result of language contact

World Englishes

Refers to the English language variously used throughout the world

International and Global English

2 other terms for world englishes

Inner, Outer, Expanding

Three Concentric Circles of World English (By Linguist **Braj Kachru**)

Inner Circle

\
* Made up of countries with English as the first or dominant language
* Called the core English-speaking countries

Inner Circle

Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, United States

Outer Circle

Countries in the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings

Outer Circle

India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, SIngapore, South Africa… (50 more)

Expanding Circle

\
* **Countries in which English has no special administrative status**
* English is recognized as a lingua franca
* Widely studied as a foreign language

Expanding Circle

China, Denmark, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Sweden, etc.

Communication

Process by which people seek to share meaning via transmission of symbolic message

Communication

\
* Exchange of information
* To gain understanding
* Promote action

Communication

* Process of giving, sending, or exchanging thoughts, feelings, opinions, and information
* Exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages

6 Qualities of Communication

* dynamic
* continuous
* complex
* irreversible
* non-sequential
* unrepeatable

Dynamic

Changes from time to time

Continuous

Does not end upon a certain time of conversation and can be brought up again in the future

Complex

Logical thinking is required to communicate

Irreversible

* Cannot be taken back
* Thus, must be tactful

Two-way Process

Communication is a T___-W___ P

Encoding

* Speaking
* Writing

Speaking and Writing

* Express oneself
* Sending a message

Decoding

* Listening
* Reading

Listening and Reading

* Responding to the other person
* Receiving the message and responding

Verbal Communication

Use of words in giving out the message

Spoken or Written

Verbal communication can be (2):

Non-Verbal Communication

Use of action, tone of voice, silence to give the message

Visual Communication

Practice of using visual elements to:

* get the message across
* inspire change
* evoke an emotion

Electronic, Non-electronic, Actual objects or models

Types of Visual Aids

Size, Content, Manner of Presentation, Artistic Aspects

4 Aspects in Designing Visual Aids

Size

\
* Space for the visual aids
* Visual impediments
* Size, layout, lighting, au

Content

\
* Highlight keywords
* Use most updated information
* Write name of source
* Use lists in bullets
* Use tables, graph

Manner of Presentation

\
* Material for the purpose
* Consider colors
* Economy vs Impact

Artistic Aspects

\
* Readable and consistent typeface
* Phrases or short sentences
* Use of color and art
* Number phrases (or bulleted)
* Put heading
* Use pictures or charts if possible

Attire and Manner

Visual Artists must be aware of these (2):A

Attire

\
* Dress according to the topic’s formality
* Use costumes in certain situati

Manner

\
* Have appropriate attitude
* Consider energy level
* Appear friendly and sinc

Visual, Tactile, Vocal, Physical Space, Time

5 Parts of Non-verbal Communication

Visual

\
* Body language
* Facial expression
* Eye movement
* Posture
* Gestures
* Culture-bound 

Tactile

* Use of touch
* handshake

\
Vocal

Intonation

Physical Space

Suggests formality or intimacy

Personal Zone

2-4 feet

Social Zone

4-12 Feet and usually for Business Transaction

Public Zone

Overr 12-feet usually for lectures

Time

\
Suggest power, relations and status

Clothing, Posture, Eye Contact, Appropriate Gestures

5 ways in creating a good impression through non-verbal communication

Clothing

* Sign of power, status, favorite activity
* Do not over or underdress

Posture

* Comfortable
* Affected by emotions

Eye Contact

\
* Show confidence, sincerity, and honesty
* Try not to be predictable
* Learn to adjus

Appropriate Gestures

\
* Sparingly and judiciously
* Look natural
* Have variety
* Match personality
* In-sync with what is being said

Categories of Appropriate Gestures

* locating
* descriptive
* whole idea
* emotional

Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Extended, Organizational, Intercultural

5 types of communication according to context

Intrapersonal

Talking to oneself

Interpersonal

\
* Speaking personally with others
* One person
* Small group

Extended

* Use of electronic media
* Mass media
* Internet
* Teleconferences
* Has public audience
* Language is formal

Organizational

* Used in professional settings
* Formal
* Writing memoranda
* Proposal letters
* May be informal
* Gossip

Intercultural

\
* Communicating with people of different:
* Linguistic
* Religious
* Ethnic
* Social
* Professional backgrounds
* Occur in personal communication or public
* Use of different media

Lower Context Culture

\
* Communication is:
* Specific
* Detailed
* Precises
* Poorer at decoding unspoken and body lan

Higher Context

\
* Communication is less direct
* Emphasis on human relations
* More sensitivity to non-verbals and feelings of others

Formal and Informal Communication

Types of Communication according to purpose and style

Formal Communication

\
* Employs formal language (speaking and writing)
* Business or political settings
* Goals:
* Inform
* Persuade
* Entertain 

Informal Communication

\
* Employs colloquial language
* Regular conversations
* With friends and family

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Speaker → Speech → Audience

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

\
* **Used in classical rhetoric**
* **Effective public speaking in mind through:**
* **Argumentation**
* **Debate**

Speaker

The most important element in Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Laswell’s Model of Communication

Communicator → Message → Medium → Receiver → Effect

Harold Dwight Laswell, 1948

American political scientist who added medium and effect to Aristotle’s older theory