214 Practical 1

Dorsal

back or upper side

ventral

the underside or abdominal area

anterior

front, frontal

posterior

back, rear

medial

toward the middle or body midline, particularly toward the body midline

lateral

away from the body midline; toward the side

proximal

near; closer to the point under consideration

distal

far or away; farther from the point under consideration

frontal (or coronal)

divides the animal into dorsal and ventral portions

transverse or axial plane

divides the animal into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions

median or midsagittal planes

separate an animal or person into right and left halves

sagittal

any plane parallel to the midsagittal plane (divides the animal into left and right portions

brachi-

arm

cauda-

tail

cervic-

neck

corpus-

body

ped, pod

foot

pharyngo-, laryngo-

throat

nas-, phin-

nose

-plasty

plastic surgery

pleur-

chest lining

pneum-, pulm-

lungs

thora-

chest

trache-

windpipe

Parotid salivary glands

located below the ears

submaxillary salivary glands

located at the base of the jaw on the medial edge

sublingual salivary glands

located on either side, below the tongue

Saliva contains

water, mucin, salivary amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A, electrolytes, lingual lipase, lysozyme

mucin

slippery glycoprotein that functions in lubrication

salivary amylase

an enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose; found in many species, including the pig. initiates starch digestion

secretory immunoglobulin A

S-IgA

electrolytes

including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate, to keep the mouth pH near neutrality

lingual lipase

an enzyme secreted by the sublingual salivary gland that works with gastric lipase to start the digesting of triglycerides

Lysozyme

an antimicrobial enzyme

Salivary glands

Secrete mucin, bicarbonate, water, and salivary amylase

hard palate

roof of the mouth with underlying bone

soft palate

the softer tissue posterior to the hard palate

pharynx

the open space behind the buccal cavity, it begins at the soft palate and ends at eh juncture of the larynx and esophagus, This is a joint passageway for both food/drink and air, and is thus part of both the digestive and respiratory systems.

larynx

between the pharynx and trachea, contains the vocal cords, and thus it functions in vocalization

thyroid cartilage

forms the anterior wall of the larynx and functions to protect the vocal cords

epiglottis

blocks the larynx during swallowing, to prevent food/drink form entering the larynx and thus passing into the lungs

trachea

transports air from the larynx to the bronchi, pale to white in color, has distinctive cartilage rings that hold it open for air passage

esophagus

parallels the trachea and is dorsal to it, pink in color, carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach

pleura

membrane lining the walls of the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs, cushions the lungs and provides lubrication to allow the lungs to move smoothly within the thoracic cavity

lungs

these paired organs are dorsal to the heart and typically bright pink to bright red

diaphragm

increases the size of the thoracic cavity

peritoneum

supports the vital organs and serves as a conduit for blood and lymph vessels and nerves

liver

major metabolic processing unit that maintains levels of nutrients in the blood, secretion of bile

gall bladder

stores and excretes bile

stomach

produces HCl and the enzyme pepsinogen to begin the digestion of proteins

greater omentum

leukocyte production, fat will be deposited here

spleen

largest lymphatic organ in the body, site for production of lymphocytes, removes old and damaged erythrocytes, recycling the components for other uses in the body

pancreas

Chewed gum look, secretes the hormone insulin and glucagon, secretes digestive enzymes

small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. digestion of foodstuffs and absorption of the digestive products

duodenum

receives chyme from the stomach, produces copious amounts of bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, and also receives bile form the gall bladder and the enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Jejunum

longest, digestion of protein and carbohydrate, absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, calcium, and iron

Ileum

absorption of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12

Ileocecal valve

regulates flow of material form the ileum into the large intestine into the large intestine

Mesentery

the folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine

hepatic portal system

blood vessels that collects blood from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It delivers blood which will be high in absorbed nutrients after a mean directly to liver

Large intestine

cecum, colon, and rectum, smaller walls

cecum

microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose, and absorption of fermentation products and water occur here, appendix

colon

longest part, microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose and absorption of fermentation products and water occur here

rectum

responsible for the formation of the characteristic shape of droppings

anus

fecal material exits here

Kidneys

removal of waste products form blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH

Urinary bladder

stores urine in mammals

arteri-

artery

cardi-

heart

-emia

blood

erythro-

red

hemo-

blood

leuko-

white

vaso-

vessel

lymphatic system

return extracellular fluid to the veins: functions in disease control

Arteries

take blood away form the heart

elastin

allows for greater elasticity of tissues

collagen

provides strength to tissues and gives protection to more fragile structures like organs

3 layers of tissue

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

tunica intima

innermost coat or layer; consists of a continuous layer of endothelial cells that line the lumen and layer of supporting connective tissue

tunica media

middle layer’ contains smooth muscle circularly arranged containing elastin, this is usually the thickest layer.

tunica adventitia

outermost layer; connective tissue containing elastin and collagen

types of arteries

elastic (large ), muscular (distributing), arterioles

Capillaries

exchange of materials between the blood and tissues

Veins

carry blood to the heart

types of veins

venules, veins

Lymph ducts

Thin-walled vessels that contain one-way valves

Atrioventricular valves

Permit blood flow from atria into ventricles, but prevent blood from flowing back into the atria, tricuspid

Semilunar valves

aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve, permit blood to leave the. heart but not return

lub

when the atrioventricular valves snap shut

dub

semilunar valves snap shut

hepatic portal system

referring to the liver

hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system

Blood from the hypothalamus goes to pituitary, carries hormones

cephalo-, crani

head

cerebro- encephalo-

brain

neur-

nerve

optic-, opt-

eye

ot-, auri-

ear

endoderm

innermost lining of cells with a developing fetus, digestive and respiratory tubes

mesoderm

middle of the three cell layers, skeletal muscles, reproductive structures, bones, and connective tissues