world history midterm study guide

Capitalism

an economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than controlled by government

Bessemer Process

a method of steelmaking invented in 1855 that enabled steel to be made more cheaply and quickly

Fedrick Taylor

mechanical engineer He was widely known for his methods to improve industrial efficiency

factors of production

land labor and capital;money

Capital

money

Corporation

a company recognized by law to exist independently from its owners, with the ability to own property, borrow money, sue, or be sued

Monopoly

a company that completely dominates a particular industry

Jhon D. Rockefeller

founder of an oil company

Andrew Carnegie

he was a risk taker that made money of steel factories

Horizontal Integration

a corporate expansion strategy that involves joining together as many firms from the same industry as possible

Vertical Integration

a corporate expansion strategy that involves controlling each step in the production and distribution of a product, from acquiring raw materials to manufacturing, packaging, and shipping

Laissez-faire

he idea that the free market, through supply and demand, will regulate itself if government does not interfere

Socail Darwinism

the best-run businesses led by the most capable people will survive and prosper

Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 federal law that outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade

Gilded Age

negative term that represented america

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

philanthropist

a person who gives money to support worthy causes

robber baron

a negative term to describe wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen

Caption of industry

what rich people called themselves

Triangle Factory Fire

(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions for women)

working class

people who work for wages in factories, mills, mines, and other businesses, usually performing manual labor

division of labor

a method in which factory production is divided into separate tasks, with one task assigned to each worker

sweatshop

a small factory where employees work long hours under poor conditions for low wages

Tenement

a run-down apartment building

labor union

a group of workers organized to protect the interests of its members

American Federation of Labor

a national labor organization, founded in 1886, that consisted mainly of skilled workers and focused on higher wages and shorter workdays

Collective Bargaining

negotiations between employers and employees concerning wages, working conditions, and other terms of employment

Railroad Strike 1877

first time the army was called to put down the strike

Haymarket Affair

a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement

Homestead Strike

an 1892 Carnegie Steel plant workers' strike that was broken by the state militia and resulted in the union being shut out of the plant for four decades

Pullman Strike

an 1894 railway workers' strike that was broken by federal troops, weakening the labor movement

Anarchist

anti government

push factors

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

pull factors

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

Arable Land

land that can be used to grow crops

Ellis Island

the port of entry for most European immigrants arriving in New York between 1892 and 1954

Contract Laborer

an immigrant who signed a contract in Europe to work for an American employer, often to replace a striking worker

settlement land

a community center that provided a variety of services to the poor, especially to immigrants

Political Boss

powerful leaders who ran local politics in many cities, providing jobs and social services to immigrants in exchange for political support

Assimilation

the absorption of people into the dominant culture

Americanization

the assimilation of immigrants into American society, a goal of some patriotic groups who feared that increased immigration threatened American society and values

Chinese Exclusion Act

an 1882 law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years and preventing Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens; the first U.S. immigration restriction based solely on nationality or race

Angel Island

the port of entry for most Asian immigrants arriving in San Francisco between 1910 and 1940

Muckrakers

a journalist who wrote about social, environmental, and political problems Americans faced in the early 1900s

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Upton Sinclair

wrote a book about unsanitary food factories

Extractive industries

businesses that take mineral resources from the earth

Tammany Hall

a political machine in New York City

Patronage

the practice of politicians giving jobs to friends and supporters

Pendleton Act

an 1883 federal law that limited patronage by creating a civil service commission to administer exams for certain nonmilitary government jobs

Civil service

nonmilitary government employees

Social tensions

americans and immigrants

Temperance movement

a reform movement calling for moderation in drinking alcohol

Hull House

the first settlement house in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams

Jane Addams

American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, and author. She was an important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States

Progressives

a member of a social and political movement of the early 1900s committed to improving conditions in American life

Activists

a person dedicated to the cause of reform and prepared to use political action toward that goal

Social Gospel

a religious movement of the late 1800s based on the idea that social reform and Christianity go hand in hand

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

Workers' compensation

the legal right of workers who are injured at work to receive some pay, even if their injuries prevent them from working

Recall

the process by which voters can remove an elected official before his or her term expires

Initiative

a lawmaking reform enabling citizens to propose and pass a law directly without the state legislature

Referendum

a lawmaking reform that allows a law passed by a state legislature to be placed on the ballot for approval or rejection by the voters

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Tuskegee Institute

a vocational college for African Americans in Alabama, founded by Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington

an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community

W.E.B. Dubois

an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People fought for laws that ended segeration.

Trust-busting

roosevelt tried to get rid of trusts/ big companies

Roosevelt

President of the United States from 1933-1945; elected four times during the Great Depression and World War II. Associated with a New Deal to help end the Depression.

taft

Dollar Diplomacy/ republican

Wilson

Democrat/ 14 points

square deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's reform program, focused on regulating big business, protecting workers and consumers, and preserving the environment

new freedom

President Woodrow Wilson's reform program that focused on transferring power from the trusts to small businesses and average citizens, restricting corporate influence, and reducing corruption in the federal government

pure food & drug act

a 1906 federal law that established the Food and Drug Administration to test and approve drugs before they go to market

Federal Reseve System

the central banking authority of the United States, which manages the nation's money supply

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

imperialism

empire building

Hawaii

we want take it over for economic interest by overthrowing the queen

Yellow journalism

the exaggerated style of newspaper reporting during the 1890s that was sparked by the rivalry between two New York City newspapers and helped inflame public support for war with Spain

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Teddy Roosevelt's role in Spanish American War

organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War.

Role of navy in Spanish American war

to gain control of the waters around the Philippine Islands and the Caribbean Sea.

Panama Canal

the canal was built by the United States President Roosevelt idea

Puerto Rico

US commonwealth

Philippines

One of two islands the Spanish American war was fought on

Open Door Policy

a U.S. policy issued in 1899 stating that foreign nations must allow free trade in China

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia

Explain the situation in Europe that caused WWI

Militarism, Alliance, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination/the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

Kaiser Wilhelm

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Lusitania

an unarmed British ocean liner whose sinking by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, influenced the U.S. decision to enter World War I

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

"to make the world safe for democracy"

Reason why President Wilson entered WWI

New weapons

new weapons started to develop like tanks, guns etc. to more efficiently kill

Trench warfare

a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.