Nutr Exam 3

what is body mass index (BMI)?

a measure of weight relative to height; used to diagnose overweight or obsesity

what is the formula to calculate BMI?

kg/(m)^2

what does a 18.5-24.9 BMI mean?

healthy

what does a 25-29.5 BMI mean?

overweight

what does a over 30 BMI mean?

obese

what does a under 18.5 BMI mean?

underweight

what is essential fat?

* fat required for normal physiological functioning
* w/o enough bodily systems go quiescent
* required in diet

what is storage fat?

* fat in adipose tisse, tissue under the skin, and fat “pads” essential organs
* fat deposited around mesodermal areas bc our body loves us

what is total body mass?

lean tissue mass + fat matter + water (not really water tho)

what is visceral fat?

fat around visceral organs in **android** patterns

what is subcutaneous fat?

fat under skin associated with the **gynoid** pattern

what is set point theory?

theory that the body is programmed to gravitate and maintain a particular weight

what are adipocytes?

fat cells

what is hyperplasia?

increase in the # of cells

what is hypertrophy?

increase in the SIZE of cells

what is leptin?

hormone released by fat cells to signal the brain that the body has had enough to eat

what is weight management related to?

kcal in vs kcal out

what is kcal consumption = kcal expended?

maintenance

what is kcal consumed < kcal expended?

weight loss

what is kcal consumed > kcal expended?

weight gain

what is the #1 reason we eat what we do?

taste

what are some reasons for excess kcal?

larger portion sizes → easy to do when dining out

why is it bad for parents to tell you to finish your plate when you’re a kid?

because as children, we’re born w innate feedbacks of hunger, which is overcome in adulthood, but children need to learn to recognize their hunger cues

what’s the largest source of added sugar in the diet?

sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)

what happened to adolescents who eliminated SSBs from their diet for a year?

gained 4 lbs less on avg than their peers

what is anorexia?

having no hunger/appetities

what is anorexia nervosa?

disordered eating leading to underweight

what is your Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) & what are the 3 different types?

* cal/energy that’s expended in 3 ways
* Resting energy expenditure (REE), physical activity, and Thermic affect of food (TEF)

what is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

energy metabolism that occurs after waking on the morning, at least 12 hrs after the last meal

what does BMR includ and what are they?

* energy for functions that sustain life
* breathing, heart rate, brain, liver, & kidneys

according to Christian, what’s the most important organ in the body?

the liver

what is resting energy expenditure (REE)?

calories burned while sitting or sleeping; make up most of calories burned in a day

what is physical activity in regards to energy expenditure?

* energy expended through voluntary physical effort, including daily activities, excercise, or physical labor
* energy needed for muscle contraction

what factors influence energy burned during exercise?

body weight and muscle mass utilized, duration of activity, intensity of activity, fitness level, type of activity

what is the thermic effect of food (TEF)?

* the process of burning calories as you digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize food
* abt 10% of cal consumed from meal; 30% from proteins
* doesn’t change for active people

what’s the formula to calculate BMR for women?

665\.1 + (9.563 x weight in kg) + (1.85 x ht in cm) - (4.676 x age)

what’s the formula to calculate BMR for men?

66\.5 + (13.75 x wt in kg) + (5.003 x ht in cm) - (6.775 x age)

what are the risks for disease (comorbidities) associated with obesity?

cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, endometrial, breast, prostate, & colon cancers

what happens to mortality as BMI increases?

is raises

what is osteoporosis & who are at risk?

* a condition associated with decreased bone mass and bone density that can result in an increased risk of bone fracture
* older age, women, being underweight, tobacco use, physical inactivity

what are some limitations of BMI?

doesn’t distinguish btwn fat & muscle, various ethnicities, sex, & elderly

what is a gynoid pattern?

* where women carry their fat
* fat over muscle and under skin @ hips and thighs; subcutaneous fat

what is an android pattern?

* when men carry their fat “beer belly”
* body fat that can be stored under the abdominal muscle around the internal organs
* visceral fat: increase risk for chronic conditions due to excess fat

what is globesity?

obesity that’s happening worldwide

is a obesity an adult problem only?

no, childhood obesity is a concern (but there is early metabolic rebounding possible)

what are some factors that affect weight?

physiological, psychological (the biggest in his op), lifestyle behaviors, social & economic (what a lot of people turn to)

what is energetics?

the idea that obesity is caused by a positive energy balance that results from eating MORE calories than you burn

how does ones environment contribute to obesity?

societally we move less, eat more, ideas of acceptable weight increases, and healthy food “can” be hard to purchase

how does genetics contribute to obesity?

through the idea of the “set point theory”

how can hormone imbalance contribute to obesity?

the secretion of leptin, a hormone that’s released by fat cells to signal the brain that you’ve had enough to eat

what are the results in the increased release of leptin?

* decreased food intake
* increased energy metabolism

what happens to your leptin release when you lose weight?

* it goes down, taking more for your body to be “full”
* metabolism slows

what happens to your leptin release when you gain weight?

* it goes up
* metabolism increases

what is eating behavior?

* hunger, appetite, and satiety
* combination of physiological & psychological signals integrated in the hypothalamus of the brain

what is hunger?

* the need to eat
* can be triggered by low blood glucose and low glycogen

what is appetite?

* the desire to eat
* triggered by sight/smell of food

what does neuropeptide Y do?

* neurotransmitter
* INCREASES food intake & blood glucose levels

what does neuropeptide Y promote?

the storage of energy in fat cells

what is ghrelin & what produces it?

a hunger-stimulating hormone produced by cells lining stomach when stomach is EMPTY

what does ghrelin do?

* increases your “hunger”
* it’s released less when you eat

what happens with regards to ghrelin when you lose weight?

it increases

what does ghrelin say?

“I’m hungry, feed me”

what does leptin say?

“I’m full, stop eating”

what happens with regards to leptin when you lose weight?

it decreases

why don’t diets work?

they’re unrealistic; if you go ON a diet, you’re bound to go OFF a diet

what’s the key to success when losing weight?

* adherence
* establish a diet and activity plan that is a lifestyle and stick with it

what do the best weight loss regimens promote?

small, moderate lifestyle changes

what does decreased portion sizes and increase physical activity do?

* reduces energy in and increases energy burned
* result in weight loss

what diet is encouraged for promoting long term weight loss management & what are the components?

* one of balance: all food groups
* balance, variety, & moderation

what should you consume more of to decrease caloric intake and encourage balance across food groups?

* fruit, veg, & whole grains
* low-fat dairy
* protein from lean meats and veg sources
* monounsaturated & polyunsaturated fats in the PLACE of saturated fats (can be from omega-3s as well)

what physical activity is recommended for overall health?

moderate activity: 30 min, 5 days/wk

what physical activity is recommended for maximum cardiovascular benefit?

vigorous activity for MINIMUM of 20 min/session

what are the different components of exercise for weight loss?

* aerobic - burn cals
* strength training - build muscle (and burn cals)

what are the different reasons we eat what we do?

* behavior
* social cues - fam traditions, holidays/parties, media
* emotional cues - stress & boredom

when are medications treat obesity recommended?

when person is extremely obese & there are life-threatening complications present

are weight loss drugs permanent?

no - they’re ineffective w/o diet, physical activity & behavior modification

what is growing in popularity for weight loss?

surgery

who are candidates for weight loss surgery?

* BMI > 40 kg/m^2
* BMI > 35 kg/m^2 + related health conditions
* 100 lbs over ideal weight

what are the different types of weight loss surgery?

vertical sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable band procedure, roux-en-Y gastric bypass, & gastric balloon

what is a vertical sleeve gastrectomy?

* removal of part of stomach
* small stomach = less room for food (restriction)

what’s an adjustable gastric band procedure?

* adjustable band fitted around the upper part of the stomach
* restriction

what’s a roux-en-Y gastric bypass?

* small pouch created from the stomach (a re-routing)
* part of small intestine bypassed
* restriction and malabsorption (undernutrition)

what’s a gastric balloon?

when a balloon is filled with fluid or something, then placed in the stomach making you fuller faster

why must you be cautious when treating childhood obesity?

bc caloric restriction can inhibit growth during periods of rapid development

what are the general recommendations when treating childhood obesity?

* weight management
* don’t restrict nutrients, encourage physical activity
* let them gain height and grow into their weight

what is water?

the universal solvent

why is water the universal solvent?

because water bonds cause a slight shift in charge amount individual atoms

* hydrogen: slightly +
* oxygen: slightly -
* water then attracts other molecules
* charges substances can dissolve in it

where is water found within the body?

* intracellular (60%) - inside your cells
* extracellular (40%) - outside your cells
* includes interstitial fluid (outside cells, within tissue- ex: edema) & intravascular fluid (fluid in bloodstream and lymphatic)

what is hydrostatic pressure?

movement of water from inside the blood vessels into the interstitial space (stronger); pushes water OUT

what is osmotic pressure?

pulls fluid back into the blood vessel

what is water balance?

water intake vs. water loss

what are the components of water intake?

beverages, foods, and metabolic water

what are the components of water loss?

urine, feces, and insensible losses

what’s metabolic water

* catabolism + anabolism
* from the breakdown of carbs, fats, & proteins
* 1-1.5 cups a day

what are insensible losses?

* sweating & air expiration
* cannot be measured well

does the body have a water storage mechanism?

no; losses need to be replaced via consumption

is water essential?

yes (although we do “make” it as well, just not enough)

what are the critical functions of water in the body?

* body temperature regulation
* water absorbs body heat → heat released at skin via sweat & carries the heat w it once evaporated

what are characteristics of water?

* universal solvent
* HIGH heat capacity

where is thirst (need for water) created?

in the hypothalamus