History - Spring Final

mercenary

soldier who fights for pay

republic

form of government in which leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

burgher

member of the middle class who lived in a city of town

humanism

intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on study of humanities; grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, history

vernacular

language of everyday speech in a particular area

perspective

artistic techniques used to give 3D effects depth to 2D surfaces, viewpoint

Christian humanism

movement in northern Europe in Renaissance combining classical humanism with reforming the Catholic Church

salvation

state of being saved through faith alone or good works

indulgence

release from punishment of sins by Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death

justification

the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

predestination

belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned

caravel

small, fast ship that holds large cargo and usually 3 masts

conquistador

leader in the Spanish conquests of America

colony

settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with parent country by trade and direct government control

mercantilism

principles that dominated economic thought in 17th century; prosperity of a nation depended on large supply of gold and silver

plantation

large agricultural estate

Middle Passage

forced voyage of Africans across the Atlantic ocean to Americas

peninsulare

person born on Iberian Peninsula, Spanish or Portuguese official who resided in Latin American for political or economic gain and then went back to Europe

creole

European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently

mestizo

mixed European and Native American descent

mulatto

mixed African and European descent

encomienda

labor system Spanish used in Americas, Spanish landowners to use Native Americans as their laborers

mita

labor system Spanish administrators used in Peru to draft native people to work in silver mines

heretic

one who not conform to established doctrine

armada

fleet of warships

inflation

rapid increase in prices

divine right of king

belief that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Puritans

English Protestants who felt the Church of England needed more reform; sought to simplify worships

Cavaliers

supporters of King Charles I in English Civil War

Roundheads

supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War

natural rights

rights that all humans are born with; life, liberty, property

absolutism

political system in which a ruler holds total power

czar

Russian for caesar, the title used by Russian emperors

boyar

Russian noble

Mannerism

artistic movement in Italy during 16th century; end of Renaissance by breaking down balance, harmony, and moderation

Baroque

artistic style of the 17th century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, contrasting elements

geocentric

Earth-centered; planetary motion in which sun, moon, and other planted revolve around Earth

heliocentric

Sun-centered; Earth and planets revolve around sun

universal law of gravitation

1 of Newton's 3 rules of motion; planets move in elliptical orbits around sun because every object is attracted by gravity

rationalism

thought explained by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

scientific method

procedure used for collecting and analyzing evidence crucial to evolution of science in modern world

inductive reasoning

doctrine saying scientists should use systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories

philosophe

French for "philosopher", all intellectuals during Enlightenment

separation of powers

form of government in which executive, legislative, and judicial limit and control each other through checks and balances

deism

18th century philosophy based on reason and natural law

laissez-faire

state should not imposed government regulations and leave economy alone

social contract

Rousseau proposed an entire society should agree to be governed by general will, everyone should be forced to abide by general will because it's what's best for the community

salons

drawing rooms where 18th century writers, artists, officials, and wealthy middle-class gathered to discuss philosophy

rococo

artistic style that replaced baroque in 1730s, highly secular, emphasized grace and gentleness

enlightened absolutism

rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintain absolute royal power

successors

one who follows; takes over throne, estate, title, or office

consulate

government established in France after Directory was overthrown 1799, Napoleon was first consul in control of entire government

nationalism

unique cultural identity of people based on religion, language, and national symbols

conservatism

political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to authority

liberalism

political philosophy based on Enlightenment principles; people should be as free as possible from government restraint basic right should be protected

capital

money available for investment

industrial capitalism

economic system based on industrial production and manufacturing

socialism

society, usually government, owns and controls means of production

militarism

reliance on military strength

abolitionism

movement to end slavery

conscription

military draft

mobilization

assembling troops and applies in preparation for war

trench warfare

fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire in WWI

war of attrition

war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses in WWI

total war

war involving complete mobilization of resources and people, affects all lives of citizens in warring countries

soviet

Russian councils composed of representatives from the soldiers and workers

war communism

government control of banks and industries, taking grain from peasants, and centralization of admin under Communist control in Russia WWI

abdicate

formally give up control or a country or state

armistice

truce or agreement to give up fighting

reparation

payment made to victor by loser to cover cost of war

mandate

territory temporarily government by another country on behalf of League of nations

fascism

political philosophy that glorifies the state over the individual, need for strong central government ruled by dictator

collectivization

private farms are eliminated and peasants work on land owned by the government

demilitarization

elimination and prohibition of weapons, fortifications, or other military installations

appeasement

satisfying reasonable demands of powers in effort to maintain peaceful relations and stability

sanctions

restrictions intended to enforce international law

blitzskrieg

"lightning war", swift and sudden military attack used by Germans in WWI

blitz

British terms for German air raids on cities in WWI

isolationism

national isolation by abstention from alliances and other political and economics relations

neutrality

refusal to take sides or become involved in wars between other nations

genocide

deliberate mass murder or extinction of a group

collaborator

person who assists the enemy

partisan

resistance fighter in WWII

satellite state

country that is economically and politically dependent on another

arms race

building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with the enemy

deterrence

U.S. and Soviet policies of holding huge arsenals of nuclear weapons to prevent war, each believed that the other country wouldn't attack because they knew the other would strike back devastatingly, Cold War

proxy war

powers in conflict used 3rd parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly

domino theory

idea that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will as well

Francisco Petrarch

father of Italian Renaissance humanism, looked through forgotten Latin manuscripts

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince, offered rules on how to govern, prince should act in state's favor, ready to evil when necessary

Leonardo Da Vinci

model "Renaissance man", artist, scientist, inventor, realistic art style

Martin Luther

German priest who began Protestant Reformation, posted 95 Theses in 1517 in Wittenburg,

Charles V

Holy roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, tried to convince Luther to change his ideas, sought peace with Germany because he couldn't defeat them

James I

Stuart monarch of England, believed he received his power from God, absolute monarch

James II

James I grandson, Catholic monarch during Protestant England, fled to France when his daughter's husband William of Orange tried to invade England

William and Mary

ruled England after James II, signed English Bill or Rights

Louis XIV

absolute rule of France, Sun King, took people out of royal council and made ministers obey him, ended up regretting his way of rulin

Peter the Great

Russian tsar/czar that made several reforms, ignored level in society and focused on skills, overall good dude

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish mathematician, heliocentric concept, humans were no longer at the center of the universe

Johannes Kepler

geocentric concept, German mathematician, elliptical orbits, Kepler's First Law