Final Exam- Bio201

which of the following divisions of the nervous system is also known as the involuntary nervous system?

Automatic nervous system

Repolarization

specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.

Depolarization

interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

action potential

also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons

relative refractory period

exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response

Absolute refractory period

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.

A potential of -70 mV is considered:

resting potential

T/F: In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

True

T/F: During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.

True

T/F: Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

True

T/F: Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.

True

Which of the following statements best describes the membrane situation in the resting state in the neuron?

All the voltage-gated Na + and K + channels are closed.

Which of the following membrane ion channels in the neuron are always open?

leakage channels

The sodium-potassium ion pump will:

\n

pump three sodium ions out of the cell for every two ions of potassium it brings into the cell.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a myelinated nerve fiber?

Slow conduction of nerve impulses

Which of the following is NOT a biogenic amine neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the _________ to the CNS.

skin

Which of the following types of neurons is found in the retina of the eye?

bipolar

T/F: Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.

True

Which of the following defines "integration"?

Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body

Which of the following substances plays the major role in generating the membrane potential of a neuron?

Potassium

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?

ATP

A neuron will not respond to a second stimulus of equal strength to the first stimulus to which it has already responded because:

the neuron is in the absolute refractory period.

T/F: Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much slower than small-diameter fibers.

False

During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K + channels open, while voltage gated Na + channels are closed?

\n

Repolarizing phase

Which of the following neuroglia is most responsible for the blood-brain barrier?

\n

Astrocytes

T/F: The blood supply to the brain enters through the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries and these give rise to the Circle of Willis.

True

A dermatome refers to

a skin segment that has both motor and sensory functions.

T/F: The spinal cord has white matter in the center and gray matter wrapped around the white matter.

False

The outer layer of a peripheral nerve is called the

epineurium

Which of the following is the central layer of the meninges?

arachnoid mater

T/F: The spinal cord exits the skull through the foramen magnum

True

Which of the following is a function of the pons?

Contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum

Thalamus

gateway to the cerebrum

Hypothalamus

visceral command center

brain stem

survival center-basic functions

cerebrum

higher functions

T/F: A ganglion is a group of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system.

False

There is a large collection of nerves at the base of the spinal cord. They are collectively known as the ________

cauda equina

Which of the following areas of the brain is involved in maintaining the body's homeostasis?

hypothalamus

T/F: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

True

Which part of the brain is involved in thirst sensations?

hypothalamus

T/F: The spinal cord carries both sensory and motor impulses

True

The cerebral cortex has all the following features, except that:

it is composed of white mater

T/F: The spinal cord ends between the L1 and L2 vertebrae.

true

T/F: The superior sagittal sinus drains into the carotid arteries

False

T/F: Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

False

T/F: Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.

True

What fluid circulates through the central canal of the spinal cord?

cerebrospinal fluid

The brachial and lumbar plexuses are the only plexuses found in the peripheral nervous system.

false

The phrenic nerve innervates:

diaphragm muscle

Which of the following landmarks separates the cerebral hemispheres?

longitudinal fissue

Which of the following centers is NOT located in the hypothalamus?

Center for central balance

T/F:The largest nerve in the body is the sciatic nerve.

True

T/F: The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the thalamus.

False

The correct sequence of a simple spinal reflex arc is receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor

True

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as playing the piano might suggest damage to the _____

premotor cortex

The terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are pyramidal and corticospinal.

\n

True

In order for sound to reach the spiral organ (of Corti), the auditory ossicles must vibrate the oval window and set the endolymph in motion.

\n

true

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________.

primary visual cortex

The blind spot of the eye is where ________.

the optic nerve leaves the eye

\n

The patellar "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a(n) __________.

stretch reflex

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is ___________

visceral sensory area

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________.

brain stem reflex centers

Which association regarding the function and position in the cerebrum is most accurate?

motor-anterior

Which structure separates the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex?

central sulcus

Proprioception receptors are involved with the position of the limbs.

true

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

vision in dim light

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.

false

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________.

macula

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

cochlea

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

true

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control

Dual innervation means that:

both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ.

Most sympathetic fibers use ________ as their neurotransmitter.

norepinephrine

Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers going to the heart would cause:

an increase in rate and force of contraction.

During vigorous activity, which of the following actions would be dampened?

The digestion of food

Which of the following substances is a hormone and a neurotransmitter?

visceral reflex arc.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the vagus nerve?

otic ganglia

Ninety percent of all the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are found in the:

vagus nerve

Which of the following neurotransmitters would be the only secretion of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine

The division of the autonomic nervous system that puts you into "fight-or-flight" mode is the:

sympathetic division.

Which of the following would NOT take place during exercise or vigorous physical activity?

Increased digestive activity to allow more glucose absorption for energy

Nicotinic agents are only used:

in smoking cessation products.

Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

false

Which of the following effectors are NOT under control of the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscles

Which of the following activities is associated with the sympathetic system?

exercise

Autonomic reflex centers occur in the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain.

true

The rami cummunicantes are designated white or gray depending on whether they are:

myelinated or not.

Which of the following activities is associated with the parasympathetic system?

Digestion

T/F: there is only one cranial nerve that serves a mix of sensory and motor functions to the face

false

corpus callosum

neuron

sulci

medulla oblongata

parental lobe

T/F: once generated, the path of a nerve impulse goes in one direction through a neuron. it comes in through the dendrites, then the nerve cell body, and down the axon

true

T/F: the specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves is known as a dermatome

true

pons