Human anatomy Exam 2 terms

What is the dermis?

Vascularized and innervated layer of skin.

What is the epidermis?

Outer layer of skin, contains keratin and melanocytes.

What is the subcutaneous layer?

Layer beneath the skin, composed of fatty tissue.

What is the stratum corneum?

Outermost layer of the epidermis, consists of dead keratinocytes.

What is the stratum granulosum?

Layer of the epidermis where cells start to die.

What is the stratum lucidum?

Layer of the epidermis found in thick skin.

What is the stratum spinosum?

Second layer of the epidermis, cells start to get squished.

What is the stratum basale?

Bottom layer of the epidermis, contains dividing cells.

What is a first degree burn?

Superficial burn that only affects the epidermis.

What is a second degree burn?

Burn that affects both the epidermis and dermis, painful with blisters.

What is a third degree burn?

Burn that affects the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, requires hospitalization.

What is hair made of?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, has medulla, cuticle, and cortex.

What gives skin its red color?

Hemoglobin.

What is melanin?

Pigment that gives skin a darker color, produced by melanocytes in response to UV rays.

What are sweat glands?

Glands that produce sweat to regulate body temperature.

What is carotene?

Yellow/orange pigment found in certain foods like carrots.

What is cyanosis?

Blue coloration of the skin due to respiratory blockage.

What is albinism?

Genetic condition characterized by mutated melanin production.

What is erythema?

Red coloration of the skin due to emotions or exercise.

What is jaundice?

Yellow coloration of the skin caused by liver damage.

What is pallor?

Paleness of the skin, often associated with anemia or strong emotions.

What is the papillary layer?

Superficial layer of the dermis, contains touch receptors.

What is the reticular layer?

Deeper layer of the dermis, highly vascularized.

What are nails made of?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, has a white crescent called the lunula.

What do sebaceous glands produce?

Oil to lubricate the skin.

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Most common and least dangerous type of skin cancer, originates in the stratum basale.

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Second most common type of skin cancer, originates in the stratum spinosum.

What is melanoma?

Most deadly and dangerous type of skin cancer, often develops from moles, follows the ABCDE rule for identification.

What is the rule of nines?

Method used to evaluate the extent of burns on the body.

What is interstitial growth?

Longitudinal growth of bones, occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

What is appositional growth?

Growth in width of bones, occurs around the diaphysis.

Give examples of long bones.

Femur, humerus.

Give examples of short bones.

Carpal and tarsal bones.

Give examples of flat bones.

Clavicle and cranial bones.

Give an example of an irregular bone.

Vertebrae.

What is elastic cartilage?

Cartilage with elastic fibers, found in ears and epiglottis.

What is hyaline cartilage?

Most abundant type of cartilage.

What is fibrocartilage?

Fibrous cartilage found between vertebrae.

What is spongy bone?

Bone without osteons, found in medullary cavity and epiphysis, contains bone marrow.

What is compact bone?

Bone with osteons, forms the outer layer of bone.

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts.

What are osteoblasts?

Immature cells that produce osteoid (bone matrix).

What is an osteocyte?

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix.

What is an osteon?

The basic unit of compact bone.

What is Wolf's Law?

Bone remodels in response to mechanical stress.

What is growth hormone?

Hormone that stimulates bone growth.

What are osteoclasts?

Cells derived from white blood cells that break down bone.

What is intramembranous ossification?

Process of bone formation in flat bones from mesenchyme.

What is endochondral ossification?

Process of bone formation in most bones from hyaline cartilage.

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Cartilaginous plate that allows for longitudinal bone growth.

What is thyroid hormone?

Metabolic hormone that regulates the rate of osteoblast activity.

What is calcitonin?

Hormone that lowers calcium levels in the blood.

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hormone that raises calcium levels in the blood.

What is a comminuted fracture?

Fracture with multiple bone fragments.

What is a compression fracture?

Fracture caused by crushing under pressure.

What is a depressed fracture?

Fracture where the bone is pushed inward.

What is a spiral fracture?

Fracture caused by twisting, creating an S-shaped pattern.

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

Fracture that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone.

What is a greenstick fracture?

Incomplete fracture commonly seen in children.

What is osteoporosis?

Condition where bone reabsorption exceeds bone deposition.

What is the axial skeleton?

The skull, thoracic cage, and spine.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The limbs of the skeleton.

What are cranial bones?

Bones that protect the brain, typically flat bones.

What are facial bones?

Bones that make up the face.

What are cervical vertebrae?

The first section of vertebrae, consisting of 7 vertebrae.

What are thoracic vertebrae?

The second section of vertebrae, consisting of 12 vertebrae.

What are lumbar vertebrae?

The third section of vertebrae, consisting of 5 vertebrae.

What is the coccyx?

The tailbone, with no specific function.

What is the tibia?

The weight-bearing bone in the lower leg, paired with the fibula.

What is the sternum?

The breastbone that connects the ribs with the clavicle.

What are true ribs?

Ribs 1-7 that directly articulate with the sternum.

What are false ribs?

Ribs 8-12 that do not directly articulate with the sternum.

What are floating ribs?

Ribs that are a part of the false ribs and do not articulate with other ribs.

What is a fibula?

The smaller bone of the lower leg, parallel to the tibia.

What is the pectoral girdle?

The scapula and clavicle, which form the socket for the arm.

Pelvic Girdle

Both os coxae binded by pubic symphysis

Os Coxae

Ilium, ischium, pelvic bones

Femur

Thigh bone

Tarsal Bones

Group of ankle bones, 7 bones

Carpal Bones

Wrist bones, 8 bones

Phalanges

Fingers and toes, 14 bones on each hand/foot

Articulation

The act of making a joint

Fibrous Joint

Joint made of dense connective tissue

Cartilaginous Joint

Joint made of cartilage

Synovial Joint

Joint with a joint cavity

Diarthrotic

Freely movable joint; least stable

Synarthrotic

Immobile joint; most stable

Amphiarthrotic

Semi-movable joint

Gomphoses Joint

Teeth binding to jaw bones, fibrous joint, synarthrotic

Syndesmoses Joint

Joint held together by ligaments, fibrous joint, amphiarthrotic

Sutures

Fibrous joints binding cranial bones, synarthrotic

Synchondroses Joint

Joint made of hyaline cartilage, e.g. epiphyseal plate and sternum + 1st rib, synarthrotic

Symphyses Joint

Joint made of fibrocartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis and spine, amphiarthrotic

Plane Joint

Uniaxial joint, e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Hinge Joint

Uniaxial joint, like a door, e.g. olecranon joint

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial joint, allows rotation, e.g. atlantoaxial joint and between radius and ulna

Condylar Joint

Biaxial joint, cone-like shape, e.g. knuckle joints

Saddle Joint

Biaxial joint, e.g. thumb joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial joint, e.g. hip and shoulder joints

Collateral Ligament Tear

Tear of side ligaments