Biology-Chapter 4-Nucleic Acids and an RNA World

What is a Nucleic Acid made of?

Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide monomers

What is the 5-Carbon sugar in nucleic acid called?

Ribose

How many types of the 5-Carbon sugar are there and what are they called?

2

-Deoxyribose

-Ribose

How is the 5-Carbon sugar in nucleic acid numbered?

1’ to 5’

(1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’)

What is deoxyribose the 5-Carbon sugar for?

DNA

What is ribose the 5-Carbon sugar for?

RNA

In a nucleotide what carbon of sugar is the phosphate group bonded to?

5’

Nitrogenous base is bonded to ( ) carbon of sugar

1’

How many groups of the nitrogenous base are there and what are their names?

Two

Purines

Pyrimidines

Purines contain ( ) atoms in their ( ) ring(s)

9

Two

Pyrimidines contain ( ) atoms in their ( ) ring(s)

6

One

Name the Purines

Guanine (G)

Adenine (A)

RNA uses the base ( ) instead of ( ) as apart of its nitrogenous base

Uracil (U)

Thymine (T)

Name the Pyrimidines

Cytosine (C)

Uracil (U)

Thymine (T)

The phosphate group structure does vary between RNA and DNA

False

It does not vary between the two

A nucleotide can have up to ( ) phosphate groups attached

3

More than one phosphate group = ( )

Activated nucleotide

Give an example of an activated nucleotide

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The addition of phosphate raises the ( ) energy of the monomer

Potential

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the body’s energy “currency”

True

ATP is required for our bodies to do ( )

Work

An activated nucleotide is composed of what?

Ribose

Adenine (nitrogenous base)

THREE phosphate groups

Energy is released when phosphates are removed by ( ) reaction

Hydrolysis

Energy is stored the the ( ) between the phosphate groups

Bonds

When phosphate is removed via hydrolysis, ( ) to do ( ) is released

Energy

WorK

ATP becomes ( ) which becomes ( )

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

AMP (adenosine monophosphate)

DNA and RNA are both ( ) acids which are polymers of ( )

Nucleic

Nucleotides

Polymerization occurs via a condensation reaction called a ( )

Phosphodiester linkage (phosphodiester bond)

A Phosphodiester linkage occurs between what?

Phosphate group on 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and hydroxyl group on the 3’ carbon of another

RNA and DNA are not directional

False

Phosphodiester linkage form a sugar-phosphate ( )

Backbone

Back bone is directional (3’→5’)

False (5’→3’)

In a phophodiester linkage one end has unlinked 5’ ( ) group, the other end has unlinked 3’ ( ) group

Phosphate

Hydroxyl

Primary DNA structure is a sequence of ( ) in the polymer

Nucleotides

DNA is written directionally, what is the first letter?

Nitrogenous base

Is 5’-ACCGTCGGA-3’ an example of a DNA sequence?

Yes

Early data did not provide clues to DNA’s secondary structure

False

Erwin Chargaff stated number of ( ) equaled number of ( )

Purines

Pyrimidines

What was Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography used for?

Used to measure distances between atoms in DNA

What did Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography predict?

Predicted helical structure

Watson and Crick were able to determine the ( ) of DNA based on Franklin’s work

Secondary structure

DNA stands form an ( ) double helix

Antiparallel

Information gained from Chargaff and Franklin allowed Watson and Crick to determine what?

-Two DNA strands are held together via hydrogen bonds between pyrimidines and purines

-Complementary base pairing (Watson-Crick pairing) occurs between A and T, C and G

Two DNA stands are held together via ( ) bonds between ( ) and ( )

Hydrogen

Pyrimidines

Purines

Only ( )-( ) pairs fit inside double helix

Purine

Pyrimidine

Purine-purine inside double helix is

Not enough space

Pyrimidine-Pyrimidine inside double helix is

Too much space

Purine-pyrimidine inside double helix is

Just right

Space inside sugar-phosphate backbones is how big?

2-nm

( ) bonds form between G-( ) and ( )-T pairs

Hydrogen

C

A

In double-stranded DNA, backbones use run in ( ) directions

Antiparallel

Nitrogenous base pairs face ( ) of double helix

Interior

The sugar-phosphate backbone faces ( ) of double helix

Exterior

DNA stands are parallel

False

Antiparallel

Antiparallel strands predicted to twist together to form ( )

double helix

DNA is put together like a ladder

TURE

Antiparallel ( ) form ladder side rails

Sugar-phosphate backbones

( ) attached to sugars form ladder rungs

Bases

( ) interactions cause DNA to twist into a helix which relates two different sized grooves

Hydrophobic

What are the two different sized grooves in DNA?

Major groove

Minor groove

What is the length of one complete ruin of helix?

3.4 nm

What is the distance between bases on a DNA double helix?

0.34 nm

In cells, DNA is highly compacted

True

DNA wound around proteins called what?

Histones

DNA would around proteins called histones create discrete moveable units called what?

Chromosomes

Watson and Crick’s model revealed DNA ad the biological ( ) of ( )

Reservoir

Information

DNA functions as an ( ) containing molecule

Information

DNA is highly structured and ( )

Stable

DNA stores information required for an organism to ( )

Function

In DNA information consists of sequences of ( ) in nucleic acid

Nucleotides

Four nitrogenous bases function like letters in an alphabet

True

( ) of bases has meaning, like order of letters in a word

Sequence

In RNA( ) reaction forms phosphodiester linkage

Condensation

In RNA four types of nitrogenous bases extend from sugar-phosphate backbone, what are they?

Cytosine (C)

Uracil (U)

Guanine (G)

Adenine (A)

Primary structure of RNA and DNA are same

False

They differ

RNA contains ( ) instead of ( )

Ribose

Deoxyribose

In RNA, the hydroxyl group attached to the ( ) carbon is more reactive then just hydrogen

2’

RNA is much ( ) stable than DNA

Less

RNA contains ( ) instead of thymine

Uracil

RNA is ( ) stranded

Single

RNA is still directional and written in the same manner as DNA

True

Rules of base pairing don’t apply to RNA

False

RNA’s secondary structure results from ( )

Complementary base pairing

( ) with U; G with ( )

A

C

Bases of RNA typically form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the ( ) stand

Same

RNA strand folds over, forming ( ) structure

Hairpin

Base pairing in RNA is still done in an ( ) manner

Anti-parallel

Unpaired region of RNA forms a ( )

Loop

In RNA complementary base pairing between Antiparallel regions forms a ( ) helix

Double

Is RNA highly versatile?

Yes

RNA ( ) allows them to perform many tasks

Structure flexibility

As intermediate between DNA and protein, ( ) transmits information and is capable of ( )

mRNA

Catalyzing reaction

What is mRNA

Messenger RNA

What does catalyzing reaction mean

Acceleration of a chemical reaction

What part of RNA allows them to be extremely versatile

Structure

Can RNAs catalyze reactions

Yes

What is a ribozyme

An RNA molecule capable of acting as an enzyme

What is an enzyme?

A substance that acts as a catalyst

In ribozymes, ( ) structure vital to catalytic activity

Three-dimensional

Ribozymes have ( ) sites, like proteins

Active