1043 Prelims

tangina mamatay na ako

Phonation

product of the vibrating vocal fold that occurs within the larynx

Respiration

source of energy of phonation

Glottis

space below the vocal fold

Subglottal region

area below the vocal folds

Vestibule or rima vestibula

space between the fake vocal colds

Valsalva’s manuever

moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway

Larynx

musculocartilaginous structure with membranes located at the superior end of the trachea

through the cricoid

How does the Larnx attach to the Trachea?

Arytenoid, Corinculate, and Coneiform

Three PAIRED cartilages in the Larynx

Epiglottis, Thyroid, and Cricoid

Three UNPAIRED catrilages in the Larynx

Cricothyroid Membrane

connects CRICOIDS and THYROID

Hypopharynx

posterior to the larynx and goes into the esophagus

Hyoid bone

articulates with thyroid cartilage by means of a pair of superior processes

responsible for holding the tongue

Epiglottis

leaf-like cartilage medial to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

protective structure that will drop to cover the origice of larynx during swallowing

C4-C6

level of the larynx for an ADULT

44mm in males and 35 in females

length of larynx

C1-C4

level of larynx for INFANTS

2 years old

when the larynx descends inferiorly

6 years old

when a larynx reaches adult position

Cricoid Cartilage

a complete ring resting atop the trachea

most inferior of the laryngeal cartilages

Cricothyroid joint

where the cricoid cartilage articulates with the thyroid cartilage

Anterior cricoid arch

(cricoid cartilage landmark) low; provides clearance for vocal folds

Posterior quadrate lamina

(cricoid cartilage landmark)posterior elevation; superior surface of the point of articulation for arytenoid cartilages

Articular facets

(cricoid cartilage landmark) on the lateral surface; marks point of articulation for interior horns of thyroid cartilage

Cricothyroid joint

(cricoid cartilage landmark) a diarthrodial, pivoting joint that permits the rotation of 2 structures

Thyroid cartilage

largest unpaired laryngeal cartilages

articulating with cricoid cartilages below by means of poured processes that let it rock forward and backward at the joint

also has connections with the arytenoid cartilage via vocal cords

Thryoid laminae

prominent anterior surface made up of two plates

joined midline at the thyroid angle

Thyroid notch

superior-most point of the angle

superior part of the adam’s apple

Oblique line

lateral superficial aspect of the thyroid laminae

marks attachment for two muscles

Inferior cornu

project downward to articulate with cricoid cartilage

Superior cornu

project superiorly to articulate with hyoid

Epiglottis

unpaired cartilage that connects to the base of the tongue and thyroid cartilage

thyroepiglottic ligament

arises from the inner surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage just below the notch

Aryepiglottic folds

sides of epiglottis are joined with arytenoid cartilages via the -

products of membranous lining being draped over muscle and connective tissues

Valleculae

landmark important in swallowing

Piriform sinuses

small fossae/indentations between aryepiglottic folds medially and the mucous lining of thyroid cartilage

Pharyngeal recesses

priform sinuses + valleculae

attached to the hyoid bone via the hyoepiglottic ligament

Arytenoid cartilage

forms the posterior point of attachment for vocal folds

superior posterolateral surface of cricoid carilages

provide mechanical structure that permits onset and offset voicing

Apex of Arytenoid cartilage

truncated superior portion of puramidal arytenoid cartilage

Base of Arytenoid Cartilage

inferior surface

concave surface is the point of articulation with convex arytenoid facet of cricoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

ride on the superior surface of each arytenoids

prominent landmarks in the aryepiglottic folds

Cuneiform cartilages

resides within the aryepiglottic folds

cause a small bulg on the surface of the membrane that looks white under illumination

support for membraneous laryngeal covering

degree of rigidity tot he folds

Hyoid bone

forms the union between the tongee and laryngeal structure

only bone of the body not attached to another bone

Inner larynx

when cartilages combine, results is a rough tubelike space with a constriction caused by cartilages

Vocal folds

bands of musous membrane, connective tissue, and thyrovocalis muscle

Cavity of Larynx

constricted tube with a smooth and reasonable aerodynamic surface

created by developing a deep structure of cartilages

Extrinsic ligaments

provide attachment

Mucous membrane

provide lubrication and moisture

Thyroid membrane

stretches across space between the greater cornu of hyoid and lateral thyroid cartilage

Lateral thyrohyoid ligament

runs from the superior cornu of thyroid cartilage to posterior tip of greater cornu hyoid

Median thyrohyoid cartilage

runs in front from corpus of hyoid to the upper border of the anterior thyroid cartilage

Hyoepiglottic ligament

attach epiglottis to the corpus hyoid

Thyroepiglottic ligament

attach epiglottis to the inner thyroid cartilage, just below the notch

Lateral and medial glossopiglotitic ligaments

epiglottic attachment to tongue

Cricotracheal ligament

trachea attached to larynx

Quadrangular membrane

connetive tissue running from arytenoids to the epiglottis

helps form the false vocal folds

Epithelium layer

most superficial protective layer

aids in keeping deilcate tissues of vocal folds most by assisting in fluid retention

Superficial lamina propria

made up of elastic fibers

cushions the vocal folds

Intermediate lamina propria

composed of elastin fibers running in anterior-posterior direction making hme cross-layered with the SLP

Deep lamina propria

made up of collagen fibers that prohibit extension

this and the DLP combine to make up the vocal ligament

Thyroarytenoid muscle

makes up bulk of the vocal fold

Supraglottis

consists of ventricles, false vocal folds, laryngeal surface of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and mucosal expanse

Glottis

consists of the true vocal folds, anterior and posterior commussure

Subglottis

begins about 5mm below the free margins of the vocal cords

Aditus laryngitis

entry to larynx from the pharynx bone

first space of the larynx

Vestibule

first cavity, also the entryway

Vestibular folds

known as the false vocal folds

lateral walls

comprised of aryepiglottic

posterior walls

membrane covering the arytenoid cartilages

rima vestibule

space between the false vocal folds

Laryngeal ventricle

laryngeal sinus

middle space of the larynx that lies between the margins of false vocal folds and the true vocal folds below

Saccule

has muscle to squeeze mucus out

secretes lubricating mucus to the laryngeal cavity

Glottis

space between the true vocal folds

laryngeal joints

functionally mobile points of the larynx

cricothryoid joint

junction of cricoid cartilages and inforior cornu of the thyroid cartilage

permits the thyroid to glide forward and backward, reactive to the cricoid

cricoarytenoid joint

capable of gliding on the long axis of facet

may also rotate upon an vertical axis drwant through the apex of the arytenoid

Lateral Cricoarytenoid ADDUCTOR

O - superior-lateral surface of cricoid cartilages

I - muscular process of the arytenoids

N - CN X

A - adducts vocal folds; increases medial

C - up and back

Transverse arytenoid ADDUCTOR

O - lateral margin of pesterior arytenoids

I - lateral margin of posterior surface

N - CN X

A - adducts vocal folds

C - laterally

Oblique arytenoid ADDUCTOR

O - posterior base of the muscular processes

I - apex of the opposite arytenoids

N - CN X

A - pulls the apex medially

C - obliquely up

Posterior cricoarytenoid ABDUCTOR

O - posterior cricoid lamina

I - posterior aspect of the arytenoids

N - CN X

A - rocks arytenoid cartilages laterally

C - superiorly

Cricothryoid, Pars Recta GLOTTAL TENSOR

O - anterior surface of the cricoid cartilages beneath the arch

I - lower surface of the thyroid lamina

N - external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of X

A - depresses thyroid relative to cricoid; tenses vocal folds

C - up and out

Cricothyroid, Pars Oblique GLOTTAL TENSOR

O - cricoid cartilages lateral to the pars recta

I - thyroid cartilage between laminae and inferior horns

N - external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of X

A - depresses thyroid relative to cricoid; tenses vocal folds

C - obliquely up

Thyroivocalis (Medial Thyroarytenoid) GLOTTAL TENSOR

O - inner surface, thyroid cartilage near notch

I - lateral surface of the arytenoid vocal process

N - recurrent laryngeal nerve, X

A - tenses vocal folds

C - back

Thyromucularis (Lateral Thyroarytenoid) RELAXER

O - inner surface of thyroid cartilage near the notch

I - base and muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

N - recurrent laryngeal nerve, X (vagus)

A - relaxes the vocal folds

C - back

Thyroepiglottic AUXILLIARY MUSCULATURE

O - inner surface of thyroid at an angle

I - lateral epiglottis

N - recurrent laryngeal nerve, X

A - dilates airway

C - back and up

Superior Thyroarytenoid AUXILIARY MUSCULATURE

O - inner angle of thyroid cartilage

I - muscular process of arytenoid

N - recurrent laryngeal nerve, X

A - relaxes vocal fold

C - back

Aryepiglottic AUXILIARY MUSCULATURE

O - continuation of oblique

I - lateral epiglottis

N - recurrent laryngeal nerve, X

A - constricts laryngeal opening

C - back and up

Bernouli effect

point of constriction there will be a decres in pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow

vocal folds contract - decrease in pressure in between but pressure increases bellow and above

Vocal register

mode of bibration

differences in the mode of vibration

Modal Register

pattern of phonation used in daily conversation

Glottal fry

extremely low in pitch

popcorn quality

Falsetto

higest register

vfs lengthen to become extremely thin

Optimal pitch

most efficient for vocal folds

212 hz for girls

132 hz for bois

Habitual potch

used in speech

ideally the same as optimal pitch

changes bc of personal reasons

Mandible

Largest facial bone

Nasal bones

Form bridge of the nose

Palatine bone

¼ of hard palate

helps form inferior orbits of eyes

Lacrimal bones

smallest facial bones

articulate with thmoid, frontal, infeiror nasal conchae, maxillae

Zygomatic boens

help form portion of lateral and inferior walls of orbits of eyes