AQA Chemistry Unit 4.2 Bonding, Structure and the Properties of Matter Flashcards

Flashcards covering chemical bonding types, carbon allotropes like diamond and graphite, state symbols, and material properties based on the AQA Chemistry Unit 4.2 transcript.

Ionic bonding

A type of chemical bonding where electrons are lost and gained to fill the outer shell.

Covalent bonding

A type of chemical bonding where electrons are shared to fill the outer shell.

Metallic bonding

A type of chemical bonding where positive metal ions are surrounded by free electrons.

Diamond

A tetrahedral structure formed by many strong covalent bonds where each carbon atom forms $4$ covalent bonds and does not conduct electricity.

Graphite

A structure composed of flat sheets where each carbon atom forms $3$ covalent bonds and contains free delocalised electrons that conduct electricity and heat.

Graphene

A single layer of graphite used in electronics and composites that is very strong due to its covalent bonds.

Buckminsterfullerene

A carbon structure consisting of $60$ carbon atoms.

Carbon nanotube

A cylindrical carbon structure with high tensile strength and high heat and electrical conductivity.

Silicon dioxide

A substance containing silicon and oxygen atoms with a structure similar to diamond.

Iron (II) oxide

$$FeO$$

Iron (II) hydroxide

$$Fe(OH)_2$$

$$Fe_2O_3$$

The chemical formula for a form of iron oxide mentioned in the balancing/matching list.

Monomer

One single molecule that can be joined to others to form a polymer.

Polymer

A long chain formed from many monomers.

Alloys

Materials that are harder than pure metals because they have different sized particles, which prevents the layers from sliding across each other easily.

State symbol (s)

Represents a substance in the solid state.

State symbol (l)

Represents a substance in the liquid state.

State symbol (g)

Represents a substance in the gas state.

State symbol (aq)

Represents a substance in an aqueous solution.

Evaporation

The change of state where a liquid changes into a gas.

Condensation

The change of state where a gas changes into a liquid.

Melting

The change of state where a solid changes into a liquid.

Metre

Abbreviated as $m$; equivalent to $1000\,mm$.

Millimetre

Abbreviated as $mm$; equivalent to $0.001\,m$..

Centimetre

Abbreviated as $cm$.

Nanometre

Abbreviated as $nm$.

Micrometre

Abbreviated as $\mu m$.

Intermolecular forces

Forces between small molecules that decrease when a liquid turns into a gas and are weak in substances with low boiling points.