US History Final

freedom riders

led by James Farmer and CORE. bus rides through the south by teams of black and whites to test segregation laws on buses and terminals

blue collar worker

A blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs manual labor and/or skilled trades. Blue-collar work may involve skilled or unskilled labor.

Manuel Noriega

Noriega proved to be a very capable head of intelligence. During his tenure, he exiled 1,300 Panamanians whom he viewed as threats to the government. He also kept files on several officials within the military, the gover

greensboro sit-ins

lunch counter protests by four black college students. SNCC is born

communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

montgomery bus boycott

mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama. led to U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery's segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional

domino theory

if one country falls to communism the surrounding countries will fall too

beatnik

a person who participated in a social movement of the 1950s and early 1960s which stressed artistic self-expression and the rejection of the mores of conventional society

containment

official policy to stop the spread of communism

black nation

a type of racial nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that black people are a race, and seeks to develop and maintain a black racial and national identity

Roe V. Wade

the Supreme Court decided that the right to privacy implied in the 14th Amendment protected abortion as a fundamental right. However, the government retained the power to regulate or restrict abortion access depending on

conscious objector

"individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion

vietcong

a member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces 1954–75 with the support of the North Vietnamese army and opposed the South Vietnamese and US forces in the Vietn

draft

compulsory recruitment for military service

hawk

people who supported America remaining in the war until it was won

dove

people who wanted to end the war

interracial

existing between or involving different racial or ethnic groups

why did the US become involve in the Vietnam and Korean Wars

America wanted not just to contain communism - they also wanted to prevent the domino effect.

integration

an act or instance of combining into an integral whole. an act or instance of integrating a racial, religious, or ethnic group

After WWII why did the US become involved in foreign affairs in the Middle East

The United States needed Middle Eastern oil and Middle Eastern nations needed Western capital and technology. This mutually beneficial but dependent relationship would forge strong alliances but also be the cause of har

SCLC

focused its efforts on citizenship schools and efforts to desegregate individual cities such as Albany, Georgia, Birmingham, Alabama, and St. Augustine, Florida. It played key roles in the March on Washington in 1963 and

National Urban League

provide assistance to African Americans to further the dual tenets of economic and social justice.

NAACP

ensure the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate race prejudice.

CORE

Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's protest strategies of nonviolence and civil disobedience, in 1942 a group of Black and white students in Chicago founded the Congress of Racial Equality

understand U.S. involvement in civil wars against communism in Indochina

Yet in the early days of the First Indochina War, the United States remained neutral and even encouraged France to negotiate. Only over time did the United Sates agree to provide aid to France in their fight.

Civil Rights Act

prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs. It also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.

white collar worker

A white-collar worker is a person who performs professional, desk, managerial, or administrative work. White-collar work may be performed in an office or other administrative setting

Voting Rights Act

It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

Reagan Doctrine

the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed pro-communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Miranda v. Arizona

an arrested individual is entitled to rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney under the 5th and 6th Amendments of the United States Constitution.

Gideon v. Wainwright

guaranteeing the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in federal and state courts.

Reynolds v. Sims

the Supreme Court ruled that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the legislative districts across states be equal in population.

Griswold v. Connecticut

marked the beginning of an era of change for sexual and reproductive rights in the United States

Mapp v. Ohio

evidence seized unlawfully, without a search warrant, could not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts.

Wesberry v. Sanders

Sanders significantly expanded the concept of "one man, one vote" and is most often linked with the phrase. The court's ruling on Wesberry v. Sanders explicitly stated that Congressional districts must be as equal in pop

Challenger

flew the first American woman, African-American, Dutchman, and Canadian into space;

Beirut Embassy bombing

the deadliest attack on a US diplomatic mission up to that time, and was considered the beginning of Islamist attacks on US targets.

Engel v. Vitale

struck down prayer in public schools

segregation

the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other

equal rights ammedment

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of \***. Proponents assert it would end legal distin

National Organization of Women (NOW)

one of the main liberal feminist organizations in the US, and primarily lobbies for gender equality within the existing political system. NOW campaigns for constitutional equality, economic justice, reproductive rights,

feminism

the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

jim crow laws

state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation,

14th ammendment

granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States,"

15th ammendment

right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Watts Riots goal

To end mistreatment by the police and to end discrimination in housing, employment, and schooling systems

13th ammendment

abolished slavery

results of the march on washington

publicity for the cause, introduction to civil rights legislation, increase in hiring, school integration

march on washington

organized by Bayard Rustin. JFK opposed. Keynote address was “I have a dream”

Brown v. Board of Education

the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States, overruling the "separ

cold war

anti-communist suspicions and international incidents that led two superpowers to the brink of nuclear disaster.

Geraldine Ferraro

She served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1985, and was the Democratic Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1984 presidential election, running alongside Walter Mondale; this made her the

iron curtain

symbolized the Cold War divide between capitalist and communist nations but also led to the creation of opposing alliances

Sandra Day O’Conner

she became the first woman in the nation to hold the post of majority leader in a state legislature. As a legislator, O'Connor worked towards changing various state laws that discriminated against women

Ronald Reagan

His administration ended the Cold War, causing a major collapse of Communism in Europe, they also created a period of economic growth that was previously thought unimaginable.

Gerald Ford

Ford succeeded to the presidency when Nixon resigned in 1974, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976. Ford is the only person to become U.S. president without winning an election for president or vice presi

Fidel Castro

Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; indust

Jimmy Carter

Carter was the first president to address the topic of gay rights, and his administration was the first to meet with a group of gay rights activists. Carter opposed the Briggs Initiative, a California ballot measure tha

Perestroika

a significant cause of the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This marked the end of the Cold War.

Affirmative Action

to address racial inequality and racial exclusion in American society.

HIV

a virus that attacks the body's immune system. blamed on the gats

Conservativism

a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization

Moral Majority

portrayed issues such as abortion, divorce, feminism, gay and lesbian rights, and the Equal Rights Amendment as attacks on the traditional concept and values of American families and tapped into a sense of societal moral

Reaganomics (Supply-side economics)

being based on supply-side economics. Reagan made supply-side economics a household phrase and promised an across-the-board reduction in income tax rates and an even larger reduction in capital gains tax rates.

New Right Movement

organized in the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation to counter the so-called "liberal establishment", which they viewed as a contributor to corruption and mismanagement of the federal government.

Carter and Human Rights

He intended to infuse a new morality in American diplomacy, one grounded in the pursuit of human rights.

Watergate Scandal

a political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation.

Détente

led to formal agreements on arms control and the security of Europe

Johnson and escalation

Johnson Administration believed that escalation of the U.S. presence in Vietnam was the only solution. The post-Diem South proved no more stable than it had been before his ouster, and South Vietnamese troops were gener

realpolitik

In the United States, the term is often analogous to power politics while in Germany Realpolitik has a somewhat less negative connotation, referring to realistic politics in opposition to idealistic (or unrealistic) poli

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The failed invasion strengthened the position of Castro's administration, which proceeded to openly proclaim its intention to adopt socialism and pursue closer ties with the Soviet Union

Kennedy’s domestic policy

Kennedy adopted Keynesian economics and proposed a tax cut bill that was passed into law as the Revenue Act of 1964. Kennedy also established the Peace Corps and promised to land an American on the moon, thereby intensif

The Warren Court

expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways

Johnson's domestic policy

Johnson's Great Society program encompassed movements of urban renewal, modern transportation, clean environment, anti-poverty, healthcare reform, crime control, and educational reform.

Helsinki Accords

establish the inviolability of European frontiers, reject any use of force or intervention in internal affairs and urge the signatories to respect human rights.

Cuban Missile Crisis

a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.

Berlin Wall

prevent the West from having further influence on the East, stop the flow of migrants out of the communist sector, and ultimately become the most iconic image of the Cold War in Europe.

1968

the Vietnam War's Tet Offensive, riots in Washington, DC, the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1968, and heightened social unrest over the Vietnam War, values, and race

Effects of the Tet Offensive

ended in early April 1968 as a military defeat for the communists. The enemy failed to keep any captured territory, the Viet Cong's southern infrastructure was decimated, the South Vietnamese refused to embrace the north

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.

Warren Court

expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways

Environmental Movement

protect the natural world through a number of initiatives, including reducing pollution, conserving natural resources, preventing endangered species from becoming extinct, and shielding natural areas from destruction or

Operation Rolling Thunder

gradual and sustained aerial bombardment campaign conducted by the United States 2nd Air Division, U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 March 1965 until 2 Novembe

youth movement

organized, conscious attempts by young people to bring about or resist societal change.

woman's movement

made up of women and men who work and fight to achieve gender equality and to improve the lives of women as a social group

Black Panther Party

a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality.

Nation of Islam

focuses its attention on the African diaspora, especially on African Americans

Lyndon B. Johnson

Because of his domestic agenda, Johnson's presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States in the 20th century. Johnson's presidency took place during the Cold War, thus his foreign policy prioritized

John F. Kennedy

narrowly won the 1960 presidential election against Richard Nixon by carefully cultivating the news media and crafting an effective public image. Once in office, Kennedy prioritized domestic economic growth, cutting taxe

Cesar Chavez

led the first successful farm workers union in American history, achieving dignity, respect, fair wages, medical coverage, pension benefits, and humane living conditions

Ho Chi Minh

ultimately successful campaign to make Vietnam independent and he was one of the most influential communist leaders of the 20th century

Stokely Carmichael

controversial and charismatic young civil rights leader who, in 1966, popularized the phrase "black power." Carmichael was a leading force in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), working in the Deep Sout

General Westmoreland

commanded U.S. forces in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968. He treated the conflict as a war of attrition, which diminished domestic support.

malcolm X

the principal spokesman of the Nation of Islam

Little Rock Nine

nine ordinary teenagers walked out of their homes and stepped up to the front lines in the battle for civil rights for all Americans. The media coined the name “Little Rock Nine" to identify the first African American st

Rosa Parks

invigorated the struggle for racial equality when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955 launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott by 17,000 black citizens

Jackie Robinson

the first African-American player in the 20th century to take the field in the American or National league.

Thurgood Marshall

Thurgood Marshall was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justic

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the American civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination on April 4, 1968

Richard M. Nixon

His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first crewed Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agenc