APUSH Ch. 15-20

"Cross of Gold Speech"

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

"new immigration'

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

"New South"

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

"Robber Barons"

People who'd built fortunes by swindling investors and taxpayers, and bribing officials

"Waiving the Bloody Shirt"

(1800s) a phrase used to ridicule the opposing politicians who made emotional calls to avenge the blood of political martyrs

10% Plan

Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; Citizenship

14th Amendment and Corporations

Corporations effectively used the Fourteenth Amendment and sympathetic court rulings to prevent much effective government regulation of their activities.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Anti-Imperialist League

A group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Bland-Allison Act

1873 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Blockade

an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Boss Tweed

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Conquered Provinces Theory

idea that the South should be treated as territory conquered in a war (military rule), only to be readmitted on terms decided by Congress (who is the voice of the people), not the President

Conscription

Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Denis Kearny

Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Draft Riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Election of 1880

James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur (republicans). Winfield Scott (democrats). Garfield won election, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau

Election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Mugwumps, supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison is elected as a result of money from big business ad veterans votes. Supported the increase in tarrifs and pensions, and resulted in the economy going into a depression by 1880

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

GOP

Grand Old Party, Republican Party

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Grange/Patrons of Husbandry

Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.

Grant, Meade, McClellan, Sherman

4 Major UNION generals in the Civil War.

Grant's Election

War hero, not an experienced political leader. Appointed friends to the positions, not those who were qualified.

Grant's Presidency

He was elected in the republican party in 1868. Primarily focused on reconstruction and attempted to protect the civil rights of blacks. His presidency was soiled by different corrupt politicians.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Half-Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Investment Bankers

specialists who assist in the issue and sale of new securities

James G Blaine

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Jay Gould and Jim Fiske

Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.

John Bell

A wealthy slaveowner from Tennessee who served in both the House and the Senate, he ran for U.S. President against Lincoln, Breckinridge, and Douglas in 1860 with the Constitutional Union Party on a moderate pro-slavery platform.

John Breckenridge

A Political leader who favored the extension of slavery. His opponents were Douglas and Bell. He polled fewer votes in slave states than the combined strength of his opponents. Showing that because of Uncle toms cabin American was mainly abolitionists.

Johnson's Impeachment

1868, Tenure of Office act created to freeze radical spy Secretary of War Stanton in the cabinet, Johnson dismissed him, House voted impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors, Senate voted not guilty by 1 vote

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

LeCompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.

Lee, Jackson, Beauregard

3 Major CONFEDERATE generals in the Civil War.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Manassas

the first major land battle of the American Civil War. the South pushed the Union Army back to DC since the southerners won. 1861, was guarded by PGT Beauregard. South victory led to boosted morale. People picnicked to watch, we're shocked by death.

Monitor vs Merrimac

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

National Labor Union

The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers.

National Women's Suffrage Association

Group founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Pushed for voting rights for women.

Northern Advantages

More manpower, more factories, more productive capabilities, more money, and a better rail system.

Origin of Species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Panama Canal

A ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Philippine War

(1898-1902); War in which America used brutal tactics to crush rebellion; involved executions, concentration camps, destruction, and savagery; Jones Act allowed for independence of this nation when ready, but did not specify a specific date. Eventually, citizens would gain independence in 1946.

Plessy v Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. "separate but equal"

Pocket Veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Resumption Act

the 1875 act of Congress in which the government was to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and begin in 1879 to redeem all paper currency in gold

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.