Physiology Midterm

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

striations, voluntary contractions, slow to fast contractions

What muscle type does not have striations?

Smooth muscle

Neurotransmitter motor neuron releases

Acetylcholine

Thin filaments

Light, actin, I-band

isometric contraction

Using muscles but not completing action

Thick filaments

Dark, myosin, A-band

origin of skeletal muscle

attachment to umoveable or less moveable bone

what muscle action moves limbs towards midline?

adduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

circumduction

calf raises

plantar flexion

Which of the following naming clues is used when naming temporalis

location of muscle

opposes action of another muscle

antagonist

Which of the following is not part of the hamstring group

rectus formis

parts of hamstring group?

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris,

Which muscles are large flat muscles that over the lower back?

latissimus dorsi

pectoralis major location?

chest

deltoid?

shoulder

which of the following is not stored in the bones?

sodium

what is stored in bones

calcium, phosphorus, fat

What types of bones are located in the wrist and ankles

short bones

What type of bone classification is the coxal (pelvic) bone

irregular bone

Immoveable joint?

fibrous

hing joint?

elbow

bones in pelvic gurdle

ischium, ilium, pubic bone

what is the name for the complex that contains the central canal and matrix rings in bone tissue?

osteon

Where are osteocytes located?

in lacuane

what is the name for a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process?

trochanter

What is the name for a round oval opening through a bone?

foramen

What type of cells destroy bone?

osteoclasts

What is the first stage of bone fracture healing?

hematoma forms

fracture with bone exposed out of body?

open

ossification

bone formation

types of joints

cartilaginous, synovial, fibrous

axial

skull, torso, pelvic

appendicular

limbs

functions of joints

hold bones together, mobility

function of bones

support, protect, movement, storage of fat/calcium/phosphorus, blood cell formation

types of bone tissue

compact/spongy

compact

dense and look smooth

spongy

small pieces with open space

long bones

compact(femur)

short bones

spongy (metatarsals)

flat bones

compact spongy compact sanwich (sternum)

irregular

spongy with thin layer of compact (vertebrae )

sesamoid

small bone in muscle or tendon (patella)

projections/process

bumps T

depressions/cavities

canyons F

osteon

whole bone pic

haversian

central

lacuna

black dot

lamellae

lines

bone growth

hyaline cartilage, covered by bone matrix by osteoblasts, hyaline cartilage digested and space forms medullary cavity

bone remodeling

osteoblasts breakdown bone, calcium levels increase cause deposit into bones, osteoblasts lay down new matrix

closed

bone broken but in body

transverse

force from two opposite sides slam bone together

spiral

bone twisting circular, abuse

comminuted

bone in several small pieces

impacted

force from one direction

greenstick

broken but not fully, kids

oblique

bone is separated

bone fracture repair

hematoma forms, splinted by fibrocartilage callus, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs

fibrous

immoveable, skull

cartilagenous

semi-moveable veterbrae

synovial

fully moveable, hip

muscle types

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

skeletal

attach to bones, long, multinucleate, striations

cardiac

heart, uninucleate, striations

smooth

walls of hollow organs, uninucleate, no striations

endomysium

encloses muscle fiber

perimysium

wraps around fascicle

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

epimysium

covers skeletal muscle

fascia

outside of epimysium

functions of muscles

produce movement

function of skeletal muscle

posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

isotonic

myofilaments slide past one another and shorten, curl 10

isometric

myofilaments cant slide past curl 100000000

naming muscles

direction of muscle fibers, relative size, location, number of origins, location of muscles origin, shape, action

direction of muscle fibers

oblique

relative size

gluteus maximus

location

frontalus

number of origins

quadricep

location of muscles origin

sternocledomastoid

shape

deltoid

action

adductor

flexion

decrease angle of joint

extension

increase angle of joint

abduction

away from midline

adduction

to midline

rotation

bones move around longitudinal axis

interaction

prime mover, synergist, antagonist, fixator

prime mover

muscle doing most work

synergist

helps prime mover

fixator

holds bones together

antagonist

opposite of prime mover

synaptic cleft

between muscle and axon terminal

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter released across cleft

direct phosphorylation

CP + ADP = Creatine/ATP

Anaerobic mechanism

Glycolysis in cytosol, pyruvic acid, lactic acid

aerobic mechanism (cellular resp)

glucose, pyruvic acid, aerobic respiration in mitochondria