UAB biology exam #3

Nondisjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis

Translocation

The process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Homogenization

First step of DNA Isolation

Deproteinization

Second Step of DNA Isolation. Add meat tenderizer

Precipitation

Third Step of DNA Isolation. Add ethanol

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA are examples of what type of organic molecule

Nucleotide

What is the basic subunit of a nucleic acid

Purine and Pyrimidine

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar

The backbone of DNA is made of what?

Transcription in the Nucleus

Where is mRNA formed?

RNA polymerase

What is the name of the enzyme that binds to a specific site on the DNA and begins to direct the transcription of mRNA?

Hydrogen Bonds

What type of bonds break allowing the DNA strands to separate?

1

Step of RNA Transcription: RNA polymerase binds to a specific site on the DNA

2

Step of RNA Transcription: Hydrogen bonds between bases break allowing the DNA strands to separate

3

Step of RNA Transcription: mRNA is transcribed from the sequence of bases on DNA

4

Step of RNA Transcription: mRNA moves into the cytoplasm with its message

mRNA

Where is a triplet code found on?

tRNA

What picks up amino acids from the cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosome: mRNA complex?

2

How many subunits comprise a ribosome?

1

Step in Building Protein: transcribe mRNA

2

Step in Building Protein: mRNA associates with a ribosome

3

Step in Building Protein: tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA

4

Step of RNA Transcription: amino acids form a chain

True

A mutation is a permanent change

True

Mutations usually occur during DNA replication

Point Mutation

When mutation occurs because of a change in a single base pair of the DNA molecule

Triplet Code

A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.

Mutations

Short wave radiation, dyes, acids can cause

Mutagens

What can either cause large deletions in the DNA sequence or produce additions within the DNA base sequence?

Genetic Recombination

What is the process of taking genes from one organism and inserting them into another organism?

Transcription and Translation

What are the two process that take DNA to protein?

Promoter

What must RNA recognize before a transcription can begin?

TAT, Purine and ATG

What is the base sequence of a promoter?

5/6

Where does transcription begin at the base after the promoter?

NH2

What is the chemical formula for an amino group?

COOH

What is the chemical formula for an acid group?

Dehydration Synthesis

What are amino acids of proteins linked together by?

Peptide Bond

What bond is formed when an acid group of one amino acid bonds to the amino group of the next amino acid?

Water

What does a peptide bond release?

Alpha Helix

A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)

Beta Sheet

Folding pattern found in many proteins in which neighboring regions of the polypeptide chain associate side by side with each other through hydrogen bonds to give a rigid, flattened structure.

Beta Bond

Type of chemical bond that cannot be broken by human intestinal enzymes during digestion when it is part of a long chain of glucose molecules.

Random

Type of fold structure that is by chance

Wool

This contains an alpha helix structure

Silk

This contains an beta sheet structure

4

Beta sheet links at least how many amino acids together to form a covalent bond?

Beta Bond

What structure allows an amino acid chain to reverse directions by folding back over or under itself?

Fold

What determines a protein's activity?

Glucagon

What is produced in the pancreas and increases blood sugar level?

No Transciption

What happens to the DNA if there is no promoter present in a gene?

Natural Selection

The differential reproduction of phenotypes

Continuous

Type of genetic variation characterized by small gradations between individuals

Discrete

Type of genetic variation characterized by clear cut differences

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

1. Evolution does not occur, because allelic frequencies never changes

2. Genotypic frequencies can be predicted from allelic frequencies

Genotypic Frequency

p2 + 2pq + q2 \= 1

Founder Effect

Change in allelic frequencies caused by a small population

Genetic Drift

A change in allelic frequencies that results from the random outcome of mating

Okazaki Fragment

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.

Alleles

Alternative forms of the same gene

Allelic Frequency

p+q\=1

Methanogens

A group of archaebacteria that produce methane as a by product of their metabolism. are obligate anaerobes

Halophiles

"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

Thermacidophiles

thrive in acidic hot springs

Peptidoglycan

Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer and polypeptide.

Bacillus

Bacterial Morphology: Rod Shaped

Cocci

Bacterial Morphology: Spherical

Spirilla

Bacterial Morphology: Corkscrew/ Hellical

Staphylo

Bacterial Arrangements: Clusters

Strepto

Bacterial Arrangements: Chains

Diplo

Bacterial Arrangements: Pairs

Chemotaxis

movement in response to chemicals

Phototaxis

Movement in response to light

Conjugation

transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined

Transformation

process of taking in DNA from the external environment

Transduction

transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses (bacteriophages)

Saprobes

bacteria that feeds on dead stuff

Endospores

cells able to withstand harsh environmental conditions

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.

Photoheterotrophs

An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.

Chemoheterotrophs

An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.

Obligate Aerobe

bacteria that require oxygen for cellular respiration

Facultative Anaerobe

can grow with or without oxygen, but usually faster with it

Obligate Anaerobe

poisoned by oxygen, must have anoxic environment

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Ammensalism

relationship when one organism is harmed, the other is unaffected

Moist

What environment do protists require?

Supergroup Excavata

Kingdoms Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Euglenozoa

Kingdom Diplomonadida

Supergroup Excavata. Lacks plastids, reduced mitochondria, mitosomes, two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella.

Kingdom Diplomonadida

Kingdom for Giardia Lamblia

Kingdom Parabasala

Supergroup Excavata. Reduced mitochondria, hydrogenosomes

Kingdom Parabasala

Kingdom for Trichomonas vaginalis

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Supergroup Excavata. Phylum Kinetoplastida and Euglenophyta

Phylum Kinetoplastida

Kingdom Euglenozoa. single large mitochondria, mass of DNA called kinetoplast

Phylum Euglenophyta

Kingdom Euglenozoa. have pellicle, stigma. stores carbs as paramylon

Supergroup SAR Clade

Kingdom Stramenopila and Alveolata