BA 3001 EXAM #1

communication model

sender send message to receiver, receiver responds back with feedback. Both bring in lived experiences with different perspectives and there is a point of common understanding

bias

judgment about a person or group, situation or thing that could inform your decision making. Hurtful when snap decisions are made and adhered to with little regard to the urgency of the situation or the validity of the bias

-Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, orgroup compared with another, usually in a wayconsidered to be unfair.

bias when harmful

When snap decisions are made, and adhered to withlittle regard to the urgency of the situation or the validityof the bias

unconscious bias (workplace)

the most prevalent form of bias is subliminal in nature

-Organization leaders are noteven conscious of the micro-moments, where theymake decisions based on their preconceived notions

EX- hamper the growth of innovations in the enterprise

confirmation bias (workplace)

referring to the interpretation of patterns based on one preconceived notions

-confirmation bias is one of the most common. Businessleaders have their pre-set ideas and interpret theavailable data to reinforce the preset perspectivesinstead of exploring the data for innovations

EX- interpreting business intelligence or financial statements data

conformity bias (workplace)

bend ones thinking into conforming with what the majority believes

EX- mediocre performance being accepted as standard or business strategies that follow what other organizations are doing, without considerations of unique implications to the organization

-Referring to the interpretation ofpatterns based on one's preconceived notions,confirmation bias is one of the most common. Businessleaders have their pre-set ideas and interpret theavailable data to reinforce the preset perspectivesinstead of exploring the data for innovations

authority bias (workplace)

considering an authoritative figure as the most accurate and overarching decision m make and not exploring other opportunities

EX- blind acceptance of senior leadership decisions and unsupervised hiring based on leadership recommendations

stereotype !

generalizations that we make about a group of people based on particular diversity dimensions that they share, perceived as fixed and absolute

privilege

a social theory that posits special rights or advantages are available only to a particular person or group of people

Examples of privilege

Skin Color Privilege•

Skin Color Passing Privilege•

Gender Privilege•

Heterosexual Privilege•

Cisgender Privilege•

Socioeconomic Privilege•

Able-bodied Privilege•

Religious Privilege•

Passport Privilege•

Birthplace Privilege•

Location-based Privilege•

Geographical Privilege•

Non-immigrant Privilege•

Transportation Privilege•

Beauty Privilege•

Age Privilege•

Couple Privilege

microaggressions

commonplace verbal, behavioral or environmental actions that communicate hostility towards oppressed or target groups

-Brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages tocertain individuals because of their group membership.

aliens in ones own land

when asian Americans, latino Americans and others who look different or are named differently from the dominant culture are assumed to foreign born

Example of aliens in ones own land

- where are you from

-you speak English very well

-what are you, you're so interesting looking

message of alien in ones own land

- you are not a true American

-you are a perpetual foreigner in your own country

-your ethnic/racial identity makes you exotic

ascription of intelligence

assigning intelligence to a person of color or a women based on his/her race/gender

example of ascription of intelligence

-you must be good in math (to asian person)

-I would have never guesses that you were a scientist (to a women of color)

-youre a credit to your race

message of ascription of intelligence

- people of color are generally not as intelligent as white

-all asians are intelligent and good in math/science

-its unusual for a women to have strong mathematical skills

criminality/assumption of criminal status

a person of color is presumed to be dangerous, criminal or deviant based on his/her race

example of criminality

- a white man or woman clutches their purse or checks wallet as a black or latin person approaches

- a store owner following a customer of color around store

-while walking through the halls of chemistry building, a professor approaches a post doctoral student of color to ask if they are lost, making the assumption that the person is trying to break into one of the labs

message of criminality

-you are a criminal

-you are going to steal/you are poor

-you are dangerous

color blindness

statements that indicate that white person does not want to or needs to acknowledge race

Example of color blindness

-when I look at you I don't see color

-there is only one race, the human race

-denying the experiences of students by questioning the credibility/validity of their stories

message of color blindness

- assimilate to the dominant culture

-denying the significance of a person of color racial/ethnic

-denying the individual as a racial/cultural being

denial of individual racism/sexism/heterosexism

a statement made when bias is denied

example of denial of individual racism

-im not racist, I have several black friends

-as a women, I know what you go through as a racial minority

-are you sure you were being followed in t he store, I can't believe it (to a person of color)

message of denial of individual racism

- I could never be racist because I have friends of color

-your racial oppression is no different than my gender

-denying the personal experience of individuals who experience bias

myth of meritocracy

- statements which assert that race or gender does not play a role in life successes, for example in issues like faculty demographics

Example of myth of meritocracy

-I believed the most qualified person should get the job

-of course hell get tenure, even though he hasn't published much, he's black

-america if the land of opportunity

-men and women have equal opportunities for achievement

-everyone can succeed in this society, if they work hard enough

message of myth of meritocracy

-people of color are given extra unfair benefits because of their race

-the playing field is even so if women cannot make it, the problem is with them

-people of color are lazy and/or incompetent and need to work harder

Pathologizing cultural values/communication styles

the notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/white culture are ideal

example of pathologizing cultural values

-to an asian/latino/Native American, why are you so quiet

-to a black person- why do you have to be so loud/animated, just calm down

-why are you always angry

message of pathologizing cultural values

-assimilate to dominant culture

-leave cultural baggage outside

-there is no room for difference

second-class citizen

occurs when a target group member receives differential treatment from the power group

example of second class citizen

-female doctor being mistaken for a nurse

-saying you people

-not wanting to sit by someone because of his/her color

-an advisor sends an email to another work colleague describing another individual as a good black scientist

message of second class citizen

-you don't belong, your are a lesser being

-people of color are servants to white. They couldn't possible occupy high status positions

-women occupy nurturing positions

-whites are more valued customers than people of color

-a person with a disability is defined as lesser in all aspects of physical and mental functioning

Sexist/heterosexual language

terms that exclude or degrade women and LGBT persons

example of sexist language

-use of the pronoun he to refer to all people

-being constantly reminded by a coworker that we are only women

-a heterosexual man who often hands out with his female friends more than his male friends is labeled as gay

message of sexist language

male experience is universal, female experience is invisible

-LGBT categories are not recognized

traditional gender role prejudice and stereotyping

occurs when expectations of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyer

example of traditional gender role prejudicing and stereotyping

-when a female student asked a male professor for extra help on an engineering assignment, he asks her what do you need to work on this for anyways

-youre a girl, you don't need to be good at math

-shows surprise when a famine women turns out to be a lesbian

message of traditional gender role prejudicing and stereotyping

-women are less capable in math and science

-women should be married during child bearing ages because that is their primary purpose

-women are out of line when they are aggressive

socially constructed identity (understand cultural identity)

groups to which you and/ or others think you belong

EX- race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion

seeing in color

the ability to not minimize others identity, rather than acknowledge difference and look for ways to bridge across difference to adaption

facing your fear and bias

the ability to slow judgements to allow for information to understand and/or validate your prejudices

acknowledging the power in your power and privilege

understand your position and power and its affects intended to unintended of others

-recognize dominate and subordinate roles and behaviors

social identity

-groups to which you and/or others think you belong

-this is multidimensional (race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic class, disability)

intersectionality

the ways in which multiple social identities converge and create unique lived experiences

race

a socially constricted categorization of humans on the basis of shared physical characteristics, social qualities and ancestry

-not biological or scientific base

- a dynamic experiential condition that is both acted out and acted upon

race as a power construct

creates new forms of power, the power to categorize and judge, elevate and downgrade, include and exclude

social construct

a belief created by people in a society via shared meaning rather than a constructed reality

racism

an ideology of racial domination with two key features

1. beliefs that one race is either biologically or culturally inferior to another

2. the use of such beliefs to rationalize or prescribe the way that the inferior race should be treated in this society, as well as to explain its social position as a group and its collective accomplishments

- a marriage of racist policies and racist ideas that produces and normalizes racial inequities

-motivated by self interest , power allows a dominate group to bend the tree in its favor and exclude others (racist policies)

racial policy

any measure that produces or sustains racial inequity between racial groups

-structural racism, systemic racism, institutional racism

racist idea

any idea that suggests one racial group is interior or superior to another racial group in any way

whiteness

radicalized privilege in which superior social status and advantages are granted to those in the dominant position within the racial hierarchy based on historical conceptions of the superiority of the white race and the racial subordination and exclusion of the other

whiteness origins

divide and conquer laws after bacons rebellion (1676)

-anti miscegenation laws (first legal use of term white)

-further reductions in rights of blacks (testify, own property)

-perceived competition for jobs, especially after emancipation

-black racial identity -> subject to enslavement

whiteness today

perceived as being normal, they belong and therefor entitled to certain rights, while people from other racial categories are treated as unusual, foreign or exotic

-an overarching white worldview that encompasses a broad and persisting set of racial stereotypes, prejudices, ideologies, images, interpretation and narratives, emotions and reactions to language accents as well as radicalized inclinations to discriminate

inequality

unequal access to resources and opportunities

equity

the proportionate distribution of tools to access resources and opportunities

-custom tools that identify and address inequality

justice

removing barriers responsible for inequalities so that there is equal access to resources and opportunities

-fixing the system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities

equality

evenly distributed tools and assistance

power

the ability to shape resources and opportunities to benefit yourself and/or others

oppression olympics

arguments about which marginalized group is the worst off

- delegitimizes the concert and challenges of some identities

-deflects attention away from thinking about solutions

-makes it more difficult to build broad based solidarity

statistical portraits of systemic inequality

inequalities are

-widespread

-multidimensional

-multigenerational, persistent, enduring

-reinforcing and interacting

-systemic, not individual

-evidence provides impetus and foundation for thinking about where these inequalities come from and why then endure

-provides urgency of need for change on a structural level, not just on an individual level

alternative perspectives "models of power and interests"

-are these interactions among equals

-how similar are the interests of the parties

-are the markets faire? is there social power beyond market power

neoliberalism/mainstream economics/lassez- faire (module 5)

-the capitalist economy is a network of market transactions among self interested, autonomous, equal agent that trade with each other when desired

-perfectly competitive

-autonomous, equal agent pursuing their self interest maximize their own welfare (serves individual freedom and autonomy)

-scarce resources are optimally autonomy (serves overall efficiency)

-Markets, formal equality, individual responsibility or improvement

-align with equality tree

neoliberalism

-markets could be fair

-need freedom of markets and thus for people

-laissez faire

unitarism (unity of interests)

the capitalist economy is a web of transactions relationships among people and organizations with interests that can be aligned with the right policies and practices

-can be idiosyncratic conflict but it stems from a failure in practices (conflict of interests not inherent in the system)

-economic markets are not determinative (business has discretion, ideally chooses high road strategies)

-educating managers, isolated individual conflict or bad apples, win win

-align with enlightenment tree

unitarism

goals can be aligned

-conflict is aberrant

-need alignment

-more about managerial decision making

-laissez faire

pluralism

markets need help to be more balanced

-goals are mixed, need protections to be more balanced

-reform and supports

pluralism/industrial relations/old institutional economics - respecting all interests as legitimate

the capitalist economy is a web of relationships among people and organizations with interests that can be aligned are varied (some align-able, some conflicting)

-economic markets are rarely perfectly competitive (large corporations have persisted market power over individual works and small business)

-business as unionized shareholders seeking to exploit market frictions

-capitalism is not self regulating, need human created rules to save capitalism by making it good

-equity, balance, improve the system with targeted interventions

-align with equity tree

critical/marxism/radicalism/heterodox economics

the capitalist economy is a hierarchical relationship between the owners of the means of production (capital) and those who have to work to survive (labor)

-economic markets are inherently unequal because of capitals economic and social power (competition among organizations leads to the exploitation of labor)

-business is a powerful social actor that uses its power to maintain its dominance at the expense of labor (not a purely economic institution)

-justice, power, embedded inequality, systemic change, disrupt existing systems

-align with justice tree

critical

markets fundamentally unequal, need freedom from markets

-intergroup goals fundamentally different

-power fundamentally unequal

-need system change

-disruption

differences in perspective

-the nature of intergroup power

-how discrimination or inequality can exist and persist

-how discrimination or inequity should be remedied

-how those remedies are justified

-the value or organization DEI efforts

statistical discrimination

using perceived group characteristics to make judgements in the absence of information about a specific person

EX- assuming that parents of young children will be absent more frequently)

-useful for thinking about how seemingly benign self interest can lead to racial and other forms of discrimination

class is to

marxism

gender is to

feminism

race is to

critical race theory

critical race theory principles

-race is socially constructed

-racism is ordinary- the usual way society does business, the common, everyday experience of most people of color in this country

-interest convergence-racism serves the interests of white elites (economically) and other whites (psychologically) so there is little incentive to end racism until interests change

-a rejection of traditional liberal understandings of racism and its remedies

lenses

-see same issue differently (food deserts)

-remedies (genuine or fake) (need to understand assumptions because remedies will only work if the underlying assumptions are accurate)

capitalism

an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market

-creates/exploits differentiation in flexible ways

example of capitalism

anti Chinese attitudes (yellow peril, circa 1850s-1940s)

-stanford used 12000 Chinese labors to build very profitable railroad lines for 1.19/day instead of 2.30/day for white labor

racial capitalism

an attempt to understand why and how radicalized differentiation is operationalized as an aspect of capitalist development

two interlinked elements

1. normative hierarchies (white supremacy)

2. material contributions of race based exploitation

Robinsons racialism

the process that makes group differences natural in order to justify social and economic hierarchies that are created on the basis of these differences

-then African, asian and indigenous peoples of the americas are incorporated as capitalism expands, so capitalism differentiates

- "the tendency of European civilization through capitalism was thus not to homogenize but to differentiate- to exaggerate regional, subcultural and dialectical differences into racial ones"

africa at end of 1300

already well established trans saharan gold trade routes run by muslim traders

Europe at end of 1300s

-labor shortage (Black Death)

-balance of payment problems - silks, fine cottons and spices came from china, India and elsewhere in Asia

-europeans looked to the new world rather than Africa to expand the lucrative production of sugar using enslaved people

st thomas

-first site of plantation model of sugar production

-first site of fully radicalized chattel slavery producing products for export- provides a model for other sugar islands and cotton in the American south

europeans

looked to the new world rather than Africa to expand the lucrative production of sugar using enslaved people

-did this because it was apparent who was a slave and who was not

too valuable to waste island space

producing food, clothing and others was a central component of US, British and European economic development

British industries in the triangular trade

- shipbuilding and shipping

-woolen and cotton goods

-sugar refining

-rum distillation

-glass

-metallurgical industries

-machinery

-banking

-insurance

white on white/ black on black slavery

-based on religious and cultural differences and/or war

-often had rights

-would become integrated or their offspring would

-kinship transformed not erased

race and capitalism developed together

slavery as an economic practice and race as an ideological conviction emerged simultaneously in a field of meaning that propelled early modern capitalism in ways that were crucial and brutal

hereditary racial chattel slavery

-based on race in support of commodification

-no rights (chattel) = property

-perpetually enslaved, freedom was rare

-race > kinship

-families broken up, children of enslaved women are enslaved

the impact of enslaved labor affected all parts of the economy, sometimes directly, sometimes indirectly

north and sought, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, textiles, shipbuilding, railroads, banking, insurance

business that profited from slavery

-aetna, AIG and New York life

JPMorgan chase

Norfolk souther, CSK, upon pacific and Canadian national

-brooks brothers and West Point home

how did racist ideas and racist policies come to be so deeply embedded in US history and capitalism

the material interests of poor workers and farmers of European descent seemingly aligned with the interests of other exploited groups rather than with propertied elite (circa 1650-1900)

-class solidarity >race/ethnic solidarity

white

a racial category of people, traditionally of European ancestry, who are identified as possessing whiteness

colonialism

domination of a people or area by a foreign state or nation, the practice of extending and maintain a nations political and economic control over people or area

colonialism justified

by ideas similar to those used to justify enslavement of africans, land not being fully used, uncivilized, lazy peoples unworthy of resources, inability to understand value e

franchise colonialism/exploitation colonialisme

colonial power seeks to increase its wealth by exploiting natural resource and indigenous labor