Module 2: Reproductive and Sexual Health

Procreation

Process that permits two living beings to produce a third one that is different from each of them.

Reproduction

Is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.

sexual and asexual

The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types:

Asexual reproduction

An individual can reproduce without involvement with another individual of that species.

Sexual reproduction

Requires the involvement of two individuals, typically one of each sex.

Sexual reproduction

During production in humans, each parent transmits to the child one of the two copies of his or her genetic material, located on the parent's 23 pairs of chromosomes.

23 pairs; meiosis; 23

During production in humans, each parent transmits to the child one of the two copies of his or her genetic material, located on the parent's ______ of chromosomes. The transfer is made by the parent's gametes, reproductive cells that contain only _____ chromosomes as a result of a special kind of cell division: _________.

1. Mons Pubis (mons veneris)

2. Labia Majora (labium majus)

3. Labia Minora (smaller lips)

4. Clitoris

5. Vestibule

6. Fourchette

External Genitalia of the Female Reproductive System:

Vulva (Pudenda)

The External Genitalia of the Female Reproductive System is collectively called?

Vulva (Pudenda)

Refers to the externally visible structure of the female reproductive system extending from symphysis pubis to the perineum

Mons Pubis (mons veneris)

Fatty pad over the symphysis pubis; cushions & protects pubic bone

Labia Majora (labium majus)

Longitudinal folds of pigmented skin extending from mons pubis to the perineum; covered with thick, curly hair; Escutcheon

Labia Minora (smaller lips)

Hairless folds of tissue within the labia majora, extending from clitoris to the fourchette

Clitoris

Small ( approx 1-2 cm ) rounded organ of erectile tissue at the upper end of labia minora

Prepuce

Skin covering

Smegma

Epidermal secretion with strong odor

Vestibule

Almond-shape space between the labia minora, clitoris and fourchette

1. Urethral meatus

2. Vaginal introitus

3. Hymen

Vestibule contains structures, which are:

Urethral meatus

Skene's glands (paraurethral glands ) (Structures in Vestibule)

Vaginal introitus

Bartholin's glands (vulvovaginal glands ) (Structures in Vestibule)

Hymen

Crescent-shaped membrane (Structures in Vestibule)

Fourchette

Thin fold of tissue formed where labia minora meet

Fourchette

Episiotomy site:

1. Vagina

2. Uterus

3. Cervix

4. Fallopian tubes "salphinges"

5. Ovaries

Internal Genitalia of the Female Reproductive System:

Vagina

Organ of copulation / "birth canal"

Vagina

Hollow, musculomembranous canal

Vagina

(8-12 cm) 4 cm diameter

Fornix

Anterior, posterior and lateral; Space surrounding the cervix

Doderlein's bacilli

Keep vagina acidic

1. Organ of copulation

2. Passage in delivery & menstrual blood

3. Secretory duct during menstruation

Functions of the Vagina:

Uterus

"The womb"

Uterus

Pear-shaped, hollow muscular organ

Uterus

Anteverted, directed forward

Uterus

7-8 cm long

1. Menstruation

2. Environment for pregnancy

3. Labor & delivery

Functions of the uterus:

1. Perimetrium/parametrium

2. Myometrium

3. Endometrium

Layers of the uterus:

Perimetrium/parametrium

Outermost (Layers of the uterus)

Myometrium

Middle layer (Layers of the uterus)

Myometrium

Layers of smooth muscle fibers that interlaces (Layers of the uterus)

Myometrium

Contraction (Layers of the uterus)

Myometrium

"Living ligature" (Layers of the uterus)

Endometrium

Innermost (Layers of the uterus)

Endometrium

Rich in gland and blood vessels (Layers of the uterus)

Endometrium

Sloughs off as menstruation (Layers of the uterus)

1. Corpus (body)

2. Isthmus

Parts of Uterus:

Corpus (body)

Main contractile portion (Parts of Uterus)

Corpus (body)

Forms bulk of muscles (Parts of Uterus)

Corpus (body)

Uppermost part (FUNDUS) (Parts of Uterus)

Corpus (body)

Important role of fundus in OB: (Parts of Uterus)

Isthmus

Joins the corpus to the cervix (Parts of Uterus)

Isthmus

Contains uterine canal (Parts of Uterus)

1. Broad

2. Round

3. Uterosacral

4. Transverse

Uterine Ligaments:

Broad

2 wing-like structures that extends from the lateral margin to the uterus to the pelvic walls (uterine ligaments)

Round

2 fibrous cords from the uterine walls that helps hold the uterus in its forward position (uterine ligaments)

Uterosacral

2 cord-like folds of the peritoneum from the lower cervix to the sacrum (uterine ligaments)

Cervix

Mackenrodt's Ligaments (or Cardinal Ligaments) (uterine ligaments)

Cervix

Forms the main opening of the uterus; 2-4 cm long; operculum

Internal os

Opens into uterine cavity (Cervix)

External os

Opens into vagina (Cervix)

Fallopian tubes "salphinges"

Serves as a passageway for the expelled ovum

Fallopian tubes "salphinges"

10-12 cm long

1. Interstitial

2. Isthmus

3. Ampulla

4. Infundibulum

Parts of the fallopian tubes:

Interstitial

Part of tube that lies in the uterine wall (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Isthmus

Part that is cut or sealed during tubal ligation (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Isthmus

Attach tube to uterus (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Ampulla

Site of fertilization (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Infundibulum

Most distal portion (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Infundibulum

funnel-shaped opening encircled with fimbriae (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Fimbriae

finger-like projections which anchor the ovary to the fallopian tube (Parts of the fallopian tubes)

Ovaries

female gonads

Ovaries

the sex glands sized and shaped like almonds

1. Ovulation

2. Secretion of hormones

• Estrogen

• Progesterone

Functions of the ovaries:

Pelvis

Passageway of fetus

1. The innominate bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

2. Sacrum

3. Coccyx

The pelvis is formed by:

Sacrum

Wedge shaped, forms the back part of the pelvis

False pelvis, True pelvis

Pelvic sections:

False pelvis

Larger, shallow (Pelvic sections)

False pelvis

Lies above the inlet (Pelvic sections)

False pelvis

Aids in supporting abdominal viscera (Pelvic sections)

True pelvis

Low, deep (Pelvic sections)

Midpelvis

Mid portion of pelvis; contains ischial spine (Pelvic sections)

Pelvic inlet

Entrance to the true pelvis (Pelvic sections)

Pelvic outlet

Exit of the true pelvis (Pelvic sections)

1. Diagonal conjugate

2. True conjugate

3. Obstetric Conjugate

4. Biischial diameter

5. Tuberischial diameter

Measurements of pelvis:

Diagonal conjugate

Anterior sacral promontory to the INFERIOR margin of symphysis pubis (Measurements of pelvis)

Diagonal conjugate

12.5 - 13 cm (Measurements of pelvis)

True conjugate

Conjugate Vera (Measurements of pelvis)

True conjugate

From anterior sacral promontory to the SUPERIOR margin of symphysis pubis (Measurements of pelvis)

True conjugate

11 - 11.5 cm (Measurements of pelvis)

Obstetric Conjugate

Sacral promontory to INNER SURFACE of symphysis pubis (Measurements of pelvis)

Obstetric Conjugate

10.5 - 11 cm (Measurements of pelvis)

Biischial diameter

Distance between ischial spines (Measurements of pelvis)

Biischial diameter

10 cm (Measurements of pelvis)

Tuberischial diameter

Transverse diameter of outlet (Measurements of pelvis)

Tuberischial diameter

8 cm (Measurements of pelvis)

1. Gynecoid

2. Android

3. Anthropoid

4. Platypelloid

Pelvic Types:

Gynecoid

Most common female pelvis

Android

Is most common male pelvis type

Anthropoid

Is more oval but still adequate for birthing.

Platypelloid

Refers to a flat female pelvis.