Bio 2 - Exam 3

3 Plant Characteristics

Photosynthetic, Multicellular embryo, Alternation of Generations

Is a sporophyte diploid or haploid

diploid

is a gametophyte diploid or haploid

haploid

alternation on generations explanation

diploid sporophyte → meiosis → haploid spores → haploid gametophyte → male and female haploid gametes → fertilization → diploid zygote → diploid embryo → diploid sporophyte (dividing and developing through mitosis)

key land adaptations

root or root-like structures, cuticle, stomata

what four key developments led to waterless dispersion of gametes

seeds, pollen, flower, and fruit

what are nonvascular plants called

bryophytes

what kinds of plants are bryophytes (nonvascular)

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

What genus of moss is most common and makes peat

genus Sphagnum

What do nonvascular plants have in place of true roots

rhizoids - root like structures

what are the reproductive structures of nonvascular plants

antheridia - sperm

archegonia - egg

is the antheridia of a nonvascular plant the sperm of the egg

sperm

is the archegonia of a nonvascular plant the sperm or egg

egg

are nonvascular plants more haploid gametophyte dominant or diploid sporophyte dominant

haploid gametophyte

nonvascular reproduction process

sperm swim to egg → fertilization → diploid sporophyte → meiosis → haploid spores → haploid gametophyte → repeat

what is the difference between xylem and phloem

xylem - water

phloem - sugar and food

what group is lycopodium in

club mosses

what are the three groups of seedless vascular plants

club mosses, horsetails, ferns

what is the only seedless vascular plant group with broad leaves

ferns

what are sporangia

the place where spores develop in the sporophyte of a fern

what two important adaptations aided seed plant development

pollen and seeds

what is the male gametophyte of a seed plant

pollen

what are the 3 components of a seed

embryonic sporophyte plant, food supply, protective outer coat

describe gingkos

gymnosperms, only 1 species left (biloba), resistant to pollution, either male or female tree, female trees stink

which gymnosperm is endangered?

cycads

describe cycads

warm climates only, 160 sp, large finely divided leaves that look like palms or ferns, toxic, endangered

what plant group is a gymnosperm with only 1 remaining species and stinky female trees

gingkos (biloba)

what plant type is gymnosperm, tolerates warm climates only, has broad leaves that look like palms or ferns, and is toxic and endangered

cycads

what are two types of gnetophytes

ephedra (illegal weight loss stimulant) and welwitschia mirabilis (deep taproot and 2 broad leaves)

what group are gnetophytes a part of?

gymnosperms

describe conifers

gymnosperm, adapted to cold climates, thin needles year round, antifreeze in sap, male and female sporophyte cones

what are the three major adaptations that have contributed to the dominance of angiosperms

flowers, fruits, broad leaves

what is the female gametophyte structure called

develop from ovules within an ovary

what is the male gametophyte structure called

pollen develops inside a structure called an anther

is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in angiosperms

sporophyte

what is mycelium

body of fungi, interwoven hyphae

what is hyphae

thread-like structure, made of elongated cells with multiple nuclei or cells with septa

what are the walls of mycelium made of

chitin

what relationships do fungi have with other organisms

decomposer (dead organisms), mutually beneficial (provide each other nutrients or food), parasitic (feed off other organisms, cause disease), predatory (attacking tiny worms)

how do fungi get nutrients

don’t ingest, rather secrete enzymes, break down complex molecules, then absorb

what are spores

Haploid reproductive cells that are tiny and very mobile, produced in large numbers

describe chytrids (chytridomycota)

swimming spores with one flagella, fresh water, feed on dead material, some parasites (frog pathogen)

what type of fungi has swimming spores with one flagella, lives in fresh water, and has a species that is a frog pathogen

chytrids

describe rumen fungi (neocallimastigomycota)

anaerobic, lives in digestive tract of plant eating animals, breaks down cellulose

what kind of fungi is anaerobic, lives in the digestive tract of plant eating animals, and breaks down cellulose?

rumen fungi (neocallimastigomycota)

what fungi has the name neocallimastigomycota?

rumen fungi

describe blastoclades

nuclear cap, freshwater or soil, swimming single flagellated spores

what fungi has a nuclear cap, lives in freshwater or soil, and has a swimming single flagellated spore?

blastoclades

what are some defining characteristics of glomeromycetes

mutual relationship with plant roots, form mycorrhiza, sexual reproduction not observed yet

What fungi group has a mutual relationship with plant roots, forms mycorrhiza, and has not had sexual reproduction be observed yet?

glomeromycetes

what are the characteristics of basidiomycetes

club-shaped reproductive structures, typically reproduce sexually, reproductive cells called basidia, fairy ring, produce mushrooms

what kind of fungi produces what we know to be mushrooms and can have a fairy ring

basidiomycetes

describe an ascomycota

sac fungi, both asexual and sexual reproduction, sexual reproduction has an ascus (saclike case at tips of fruiting body), 1 diploid nucleus goes thru meiosis then mitosis to form 8 ascospores

what are cup fungi, morels,, penicillin, and yeast examples of?

ascomycota

what are mycorrhizae

symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, either surround or penetrate roots, fungi gets sugar molecules, plant gets minerals and nutrients

what are endophytes?

fungi that live inside plant stems and leaves, some parasitic, some beneficial

what are saprophytes

fungi that feed on dead organisms

what are some fungal parasites

ascomycete - dutch elm disease and chestnut blight

basidomycete - rusts and smuts

zygomycetes - bread molds and soft fruit rot

how does fungus benefit agriculture

it can be an insecticide or provide nutrients to crops

what are some human diseases fungi cause

athletes foot, ringworm, vaginal yeast infections

what is the fungi genus Aspergillus known for

being toxic / producing aflatoxins

what is Claviceps purpurea known for

being toxic

what is Amanita known for

being lethal/toxic

all animals…

eukaryotic, multicellular, lack a cell wall, heterotroph, reproduce sexually, motile at some point, respond rapidly to external stimuli

what animal group lacks tissues?

porifera - sponges

What is a coelom?

a fluid filled body cavity that is completely line by mesoderm, only in bilaterally symmetrical organisms, separates body wall and digestive organs 

What groups of organisms have a coelom? (coelomates)

annelids, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, and chordates

what is a pseudocoelom?

body cavity partially covered by mesoderm

what organisms are pseudocoelomates (have pseudocoeloms)

round worms - also known as nematodes

what are round worms also known as

nematodes

What organism has bilateral symmetry but is an acoelomate?

flat worms - no body cavity

are annelids coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

coelomates

are arthropods coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

coelomates

are mollusks coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

coelomates

are echinoderms coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

coelomates

are chordates coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

coelomates

are round worms (nematodes) coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

pseudocoelomates

are flat worms coelomates, pseudocoelomates, or acoelomates?

acoelomates

What is protostome development?

body cavity forms within the space between the body wall and digestive cavity, solid mass of mesoderm splits to form coelom.

what animal groups have protostome development?

nematodes, arthropods, annelids, flatworms, and mollusks

What is deuterostome development?

the body cavity forms as an outgrowth of the digestive cavity, mesoderm pockets pinch off of digestive cavity to form coelom

what animal groups have deuterostome development?

echinoderms and chordates

do nematodes have protostome or deuterostome development?

protostome

do arthropods have protostome or deuterostome development?

protostome

do annelids have protostome or deuterostome development?

protostome

do mollusks have protostome or deuterostome development?

protostome

do flatworms have protostome or deuterostome development?

protostome

do echinoderms have protostome or deuterostome development?

deuterostome

do chordates have protostome or deuterostome development?

deuterostome

what are ecdysozoans?

those in protostome development that molt - arthropods and round worms

what are lophotrochozoans?

those who do protostome development and have specialized feeding structures

What are the characteristics of sponges?

no tissues, no symmetry, adults are sessile, hermaphroditic, sexual reproduction

What are the 3 cell types in a sponge

Epithelial (also some pore cells)

Collar cells

Amoeboid cells

What organisms are a part of cnidarians?

sea jellies, sea anemones, corals, and hydrozoans

What group do sea jellies, sea anemones, corals, and hydrozoans belong to?

cnidarians

characteristics of cnidarians

tissues, radial symmetry, small, gastrovascular digestive cavity, nerve net, sexual and asexual reproduction, hydrostatic skeleton, lack organs, stinging cells

What animal type has tissues, radial symmetry, a nerve net, a gastrovascular digestive cavity, stinging cells, and lacks organs?

cnidarians

What are the two body types of cnidarians

polyp - planted

medusa - floating

Characteristics of coral

sessile, calcium carbonate skeleton, polyp

what are ctenophora

comb jellies