human diseases test 1

Homeostasis

State of internal environment equilibrium

Disease

Disturbance  of Homeostasis

SIGNS

Objective evidence of disease observed on the physical exam

SYMPTOMS

Subjective evidence of disease reported by the patient

pain, dizziness, sore throat, nauseas, etc. 

SYNDROME

a group of signs and symptoms that occur together

DIAGNOSIS

Use of SCIENTIFIC or CLINICAL methods to determine the nature of a disease

Prognosis

Predicted course or outcome of disease

Acute

a measure of the time scale of a disease

Of abrupt onset.  short duration, rapidly progressive, and in need of urgent care

Subacute

indicates longer duration or less rapid change

Chronic

A disease that persists for a long time

• one lasting 3 months or more

• more common with age

Terminal

is a disease that will result in the death of the patient regardless of any treatment intervention. 

Remission

Disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease

• temporary or permanent

Exacerbation

increase in the severity of a disease or its signs and symptoms

Relapse

The return of signs and symptoms of a disease after a remission

Complication

an unanticipated problem that arises a result of, a procedure, treatment, or illness. 

Sequela

A pathological condition resulting from a prior disease, injury, or attack

Epidemiology

Study of the occurrence, transmission, distribution and control of disease

Mortality

Number of deaths attributed to a certain disease

Morbidity

Disability and extent of illness caused by a disease

Comorbidity

the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions

Prevalence

The number of cases in the population at a given time, New and  existing cases

Incidence

the number of new cases during some time period

ETIOLOGY

the study of causes of a disease

Lesion

general cause of any disease (Secondary disease)

Idiopathic

unknown cause. (Primary disease)

PATHOGENESIS

cause + development of disease

Hereditary

Abnormality in an individual’s genes or chromosomes

Congenital

Condition is present at birth

• acquired through heredity or acquired during development in the uterus.

Degenerative

affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time.

Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic

Result of abnormal immune function

Metabolic

Disruption of normal metabolism

Traumatic

Physical or chemical injury

Nutritional

Over- or under-consumption of nutrients

Types of risk factors

 Environmental, Chemical, Physiological, Genetic

TREATMENT

Procedures to cure, eliminate the cause or reduce the symptoms of disease

Types of treatment

• Medical (pharmacological)

• Surgery

• Psychiatric / psychological

symptomatic

Treats just the symptoms

CURATIVE

Treats the causing agent

IMMUNITY

Ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, or abnormal body cells. 

Antigen

is any foreign substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized as “nonself ” and activates the immune system.

Nonspecific immunity (innate)

the body's first line of defense against germs entering the body

Phagocytosis

Leukocytes (WBC) such as macrophages and neutrophils engulf and digest bacteria and other materials

Complement

Group of plasma proteins that assist in the destruction of foreign cells

Natural Killer cells

Recognizes body cells with abnormal cell membranes

Fever

Phagocytes release substances that raise body temperature

Interferon

antiviral proteins produced by some animal cells after viral infection

Inflammation

nflammatory response is an attempt by the body to restore and maintain homeostasis  after injury and is an integral part of body defense. 

Inflammation.-Signs

• Heat 

• Redness

• Swelling

• Pain

• Loss of function

Inflammation. Functions

prevents the spread of pathogens

Specific immunity (adaptive)

Responds to antigens of specific pathogens.

humoral immunity:

provide a defense against extracellular antigens such as bacterial toxins and bacterial cells.

cell-mediated immunity

provides a defense against viruses, abnormal cells, and other intracellular pathogens

where do T cells and B cells, like all blood cells, originate

red bone marrow

where do immature T cells go when they leave the bone marrow

Thymus to develop the ability to react with a unique antigen. 

Once T and B cells know how to recognize antigens:

they leave the thymus and bone marrow and travel to the lymph nodes and spleen 

Antigen

a substance that is recognized by the body as non-self and stimulates an adaptive immune response. 

Humoral Immunity Pathway 

Extracellular antigens directly activate a B cell.

The activated B cell divides and develops into

plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells. 

helper T cell (also called a CD4 cell)

becomes activated by an antigen

Activated helper T cell divides, producing

identical helper T cells (clones) and long-lived memory T cells. 

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes recognize foreign elements (antigens) and elaborate a response

Age and the Immune System

Immune system function declines with advancing age,

Diagnostic Testing

• Detect the presence of antibodies to a specific pathogen

• Detect the presence of antigen from specific pathogen.

Autoimmunity

Failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues.

Auto antibodies 

antibodies to patient’s own tissues or self  antigens.

LUPUS

Chronic autoimmune disease that  can affect various parts of the body

• Affects women 10 times more often than men.

• usually occurs between the ages of 15 and 44 

SLE

Systemic(all over your body)  lupus erythematosus

iscoid/cutaneous

10% of cases

Drug induced (DILE)

10% of all cases

Seasonal Influenza

Older adults are particularly susceptible to seasonal influenza

Neonatal

the newborn of a mom with lupus (maternal autoantibodies) may have neonatal lupus. 

Etiology

Unknown (idiopathic)

Scleroderma

• Chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue.

  • over production of collagen)

  • Scleroderma is four times more common in women than in men, 

  • Average age of  diagnosis is in the 40s.

Sjogren’s Syndrome

Chronic, slowly progressive autoimmune disease that affects the exocrine (moisture-producing) glands of the body.

HYPERSENSITIVITY (Allergy)

It is an extreme immune response to a harmless antigen (allergen)

Systemic (anaphylaxis) 

allergen is usually picked up by the blood and the reactions occur throughout the body.

Immunodeficiency HIV/AIDS

a reduction in the number of helper T cells (CD4 cells)(attacks t cells)

HIV is diagnosed

using ELISA to detect HIV antibodies in the blood. 

Treatment for HIV

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Infectious disease

disease caused by a pathogen that subsequently grows and ­multiplies in the body.

Pathogen

disease-causing organism

Communicable (contagious) disease

• disease transmitted by human contact.

  • Measles and influenza

Non-communicable (non contagious) disease

• disease that cannot be transmitted from person to person.

  • rabies which can be transmitted by the bite of a rabid  raccoon

  • cholera  which is transmitted by drinking  fecal-contaminated water.

Epidemiology

the study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease.

Incidence

the number of new cases of a disease in a population

Prevalence

the number of existing cases of a disease in a population (old and new cases)

Endemic

The disease is present in a community at all times but in relatively low frequency.

Epidemic 

disease that occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area

Pandemic

an epidemic that has spread to include several areas worldwide

Outbreak

disease that suddenly occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then subsides.

Notifiable diseases 

Diseases under constant surveillance in the United States.

Reservoir

is the source of an infectious agent

Horizontal transmission

is when an infectious disease is transmitted directly from an infected human (reservoir) to a susceptible human.

Direct transmission

when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir. 

Indirect transmission 

When a pathogen can withstand the environment outside its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual. 

Vertical transmission.

It is when an infectious disease is transmitted from one generation to the next.

Portal of entry

is where infectious agents enter the human host. 

Parenteral transmission

occurs when microorganisms are deposited directly into the tissues below the skin. 

opportunistic pathogen

Opportunists typically do not cause disease in their usual location in a healthy person but may cause disease  in surgical wounds or if the host is weakened or immune-compromised 

most common opportunistic pathogen

Normal flora or microbiota