Psych

Teratogens

Bad things for babies that can affect the baby in the womb

Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

Cognitive development Schema

organized way of interacting with world (how we interact with the world around us)

cognitive development assimilation

interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas

cognitive development accommodation

the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change

cognitive development equilibrium

Finding the balance between assimilation and accommodation

Stage 1

sensorimotor first years of life

Stage 2

preoperational till six or seven years

Stage 3

Concrete operational seven to eleven years

Stage 4

Formal operations anything after eleven years of life

Sensorimotor

Sense of self -Lack of Object Permance- the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Pre operational

Egocentrism - theory of mind - just because we can see it doesn't mean that everyone else - thinking that everyone knows the same things and as the same thought processes and information and experiencesAbility of play pretend

Concrete operational

Concrete thought - Concrete thought - no hypothetical thoughts - struggles to understand variablesIs it wrong to steal? NoIs it wrong to steal to let someone else survive? Yes
Conservation - same amount of liquid, but when it changes it looks like the amount changed

Formal operations

Hypothetical thought - they understand variables and hypotheticalPotential for mature moral reasoning

ASD stands for

autism spectrum disorder

ASD

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Children do not imprint

They like fondness and familiarity

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Strange situation was made by?

Mary Ainsworth

Strange situation stages

Stage 1: Mother and BabyStage 2: Mother, Baby and StrangerStage 3: Stranger and BabyStage 4: Mother returnsStage 5: Stranger leavesStage 6: Mother leaves, leaving baby aloneStage 7: Stranger returnsStage 8: Mother returns and stranger leaves

Secure attachment

Securely attached infants showed distress when separated from their mother, were avoidant of the stranger when alone but friendly in the presence of their mother, and were happy when the mother returned from outside the room. Seventy percent of children studied fell into this category.

avoidant attchment

Ainsworth reported that a final fifteen percent had an avoidant attachment style. Such infants show no interest when the mother leaves the room and plays happily with the stranger. When the mother returns, avoidant children barely seem to notice.Cares when he is left alone

ambivalent attachment

Fifteen percent of children demonstrated an ambivalent attachment with their mother. These children showed intense distress when the mother left the room, and demonstrated a significant fear of the stranger. When the mother returned to the room, ambivalent children approached the mother but rejected contact.

disorganized attachment

In 1990, Main and Solomon added that a very small percentage were inconstant in their behaviors and defined this attachment style as disorganized.

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

From abuse want to murderNo attachment to humansCan't love or accept love

Habituation

The switching of stimuliUsed to the old world and excited with new things

Harry Harlow

Stole baby Reese's monkeysPut in cages with food "mom" and comfort "mom"One feeds the monkey one comforts the moneyHung out with cuddle mom most of the time

What did harru Harlow want to find out

How social connections are really formed

Nature vs. Nurture

How our genetic inheritance interacts with our experiences

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

priming memory

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Criticizing of human development

It not always age linked

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Context dependent memory

when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Parts of brain associated with memory

amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex

Long term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Two different type of interference

Retroactive and proactive

proactive interference

the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

recentcy effect

The information you learned last is easier to recall

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

What happened to Henry Molasen

Surgeons removed a lot of his hippocampus in order to stop his seizures. He is unable to form new conscious memories

Source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Storage

the retention of encoded information over time

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Two different types of amnesia

anterograde and retrograde

Retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

Spacing effect

When our encoding is distributed over time

Testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Ebbinghourse curve

Recognize

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Repression memory

unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness

Sex

In psychology the biologically influenced characteristics buy which people define males and females

Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Sexual response cycle

1. Excitement2. Plateau3. Orgasm4. Resolution

Savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Crosssetional study

Short term study
Might look at seven and nine years then wait two years to see them in another setting

Gender typing

Accusation of masculine and femine roles, and forcing children into them

Longitudinal study

Study long term

Primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

Sexual orientation vs gender expression

Sexual orientation is an enduring sexual attraction towards members of ones own sex, the other sex, or both sexesGender expression is

What happens with grief of your loved ones

We adults also suffer when our attachment bonds are severed where through death or separation a break produces a predictable sequence

Stages of development in womb

zygote, embryo, fetus

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Permissive

describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child

authoriative parenting

parents who use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children

Puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Girls start puberty at age...

11-12

Boys start puberty around age

13

The growth spurts starts at

9 for girls16 for boys

Kohlburg's stages of moral development

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Preconventional (before age 9)

self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Conventional (early adolescence)

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond)

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Haida thinks that moral intuitions are

Quick gut feelings or affectingly laden intuitions

Erik son's Stages of Psychosocial Development

infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

Infancy (to 1 year)

trust vs mistrust

Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Preschool (3 to 6 years)

initiative vs guilt

Elementary School (6 years to puberty)

Competence vs. Inferiority

Adolescence (teen years into 20s)

Identity vs. role confusion.

Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Intimacy vs. Isolation