A&P Unit 1

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body

Microscopic Anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Embryology

before birth

Tissue

group of similar cells

Complementarity

function always reflects the structure

Chemical level

atoms, molecules, and organelles

Cellular level

single cells

Organ level

contains two or more types of tissues

Organ System level

organs that work closely together

Organismal Level

all organ systems combined to make the \n whole organism

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails; Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissue from injury. (touch, pain, pressure receptors)

Skeletal System

protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

Muscular System

provides movement of the body

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves; control the body

Endocrine System

controls the glands that secrete hormones

Cardiovascular System

Heart and blood vessels; blood vessels transport blood. Heart pumps blood.

What produces insulin?

Pancreas

Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes, thymus, red bone marrow, thoracic dust, spleen, Lymphatic vessels; immunity of the body

Respiratory System

Lungs, esophagus, pharynx, Larynx, nasal cavity, trachea; allows you to breathe and turn oxygen into carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Intestines, Rectum, Anus; breaks down food

Urinary System

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra; Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body.

Male reproductive system

produces sperm and testosterone

Female reproductive system

produces eggs and estrogen

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

Receptor

responds to stimuli; sensor

Control center

receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response

effector

receives output from control center

Positive feedback

response enhances or exaggerates the stimulus

Negative feedback

reduces the stimulus

Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward \n with thumbs pointing away from body

Directional Terms

describe one body structure in relation to another body structure

Superior (cranial)

above

Inferior (caudal)

below

Anterior (ventral)

in front

Posterior (dorsal)

behind

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Superficial

toward or at the body’s surface

Deep

away from the body’s surface

Axial

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

Limbs

Body Plane

surfaces along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study

Sagittal Plane

right/left

Frontal plane (coronal)

Anterior/posterior

Transverse plane (horizontal)

superior/ inferior

Midsagittal

equal left and right

Parasagittal

cut was off center or not on the midline

Dorsal Body Cavity

includes Cranial and Vertebral cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

includes Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity; Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera)

Cranial Cavity

encases brain

Vertebral cavity

encases spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

includes two pleural cavities which encases the lungs

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart

Mediastinum

contains pericardial cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa (serous membrane)

Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity

Parietal serosa

lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral serosa

covers internal organs (viscera)

serous fluid

Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with

Abdominopelvic regions

Has 9 regions : Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region, Umbilical region, Left lumber region, Right Iliac (inguinal) region, Hypogastric region, and Left iliac (inguinal) region

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Has 4 quadrants : Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Carbon

Unique to living systems and organic molecules contain it

Major organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Monomers

chains of similar units (smallest unit of carbohydrates)

Dehydration Synthesis

Organic molecules are synthesized by

Hydrolysis

Organic Compounds are broken down by

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

3 classes of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

include sugars and starches

Polymers

Polymers are made up of monomers of monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

one single sugar and contains 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Disaccharides

two sugars (Formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides)

Polysaccharides

many sugars (Formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers)

Pentose Sugars (monosaccharides)

ribose and deoxyribose

Hexose Sugars (monosaccharides)

Glucose(blood sugar)

Important disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Important polysaccharides

starch and glycogen

Starch

carbohydrate storage form used by plants

Glycogen

carbohydrate storage form used by animals

Lipids

Contain C, H, O, but less than in carbohydrates, and \n sometimes contain P (insoluble in water)

Types of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, Steroids, and Eicosanoids

Triglycerides

Composed of three fatty acids (linear hydrocarbons) \n bonded to a glycerol molecule (sugar alcohol) by \n dehydration synthesis

Triglycerides main functions

Energy storage, Insulation, and Protection

Saturated Fatty Acids

All carbons are linked via single covalent bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

One or more carbons are linked via double bonds

liquid at room temperature

Double bonds cause a kink in the fatty acid so they \n cannot pack together closely resulting in unsaturated \n fatty acids (Example: plant oils and olive oil)

solid at room temperature

These create linear molecules which can pack closely \n together forming (Example: animal fats, butter)

Trans fat

modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and considered unhealthy

Omega-3 fatty acids

“heart-healthy”

Phospholipids (Modified triglycerides)

Glycerol and two fatty acids plus a phosphorus containing group (Important in cell membrane structure)

hydrophilic

attracted to water

hydrophobic

repelled by water

Phospholipids head

polar and hydrophilic