M.C.A.T (2)

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

external motivation

When personal drive comes from the desire to receive something, such as a reward or recognition for achieving results.

Roger's concept of incongruence

gap between a person's actual self and ideal self

observer bias

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

glass escalator effect

the tendency for men seeking or working in traditionally female occupations to benefit from their minority status

labeling theory

the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

stigma (labeling theory)

a particularly negative social label that affects how you view yourself and how others view you. stigmas exclude individuals from social groups

maladaptive

anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

distress

negative stress

Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation

In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

1\. trust vs. mistrust \n 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt \n 3. initiative vs. guilt \n 4. industry vs. inferiority \n 5. identity vs. role confusion \n 6. intimacy vs. isolation \n 7. generativity vs. stagnation \n 8. integrity vs. despair

alcohol dependence indicated by

withdrawal symptoms

naming explosion

A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.

overextension

the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate

categorical perception

the perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories

Bootstrapping

involves using personal savings, selling personal assets, borrowing against assets, using credit cards, and taking on personal loans to raise capital.

monocular depth cues

stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye

-retinal height

-occlusion

-texture gradient

the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such

Medicalization

Concept of assimilation

the immigrant group will eventually adopt the customs of the majority group in a society

PI

isoelectric point

\-ph at which the charge of a protein is neutral

- when pH equals Pi ionizable surface residues are neutralized either by protonation state or by interaction with another surface residue. This lessens favorable interactions with water, decreasing solubility and promoting aggregation.

-high Pi proteins will be charged at pH 7 --> mitochondrial matrix is alkaline

isoelectric points are affected by

changes in protein structure and post translational modifications

amino acids with non ionizable side chains

have 2 pKas

titrations

buffering regions of titration

Complex Ions (Coordination Complexes)

larger halogens are _________ leaving groups because they can spread the negative charge over a larger surface area

better

SN2 reactions result in

inversion of stereochemistry

1 percent is how many ppm

10,000

stereospecific reaction

Different isomers lead to isomerically opposite products. \n --> Any reaction that is stereospecific is also stereoselective, but the converse is not true!

peptide bonds form

amide

signal sequence

Signal sequences are located on the N-terminus of some proteins and **enable those proteins to find their correct location outside the cell membrane**

ABC transporters

carrier proteins that use energy from ATP to transport solutes

obligate parasites

unable to grow outside of a living host

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

people's response to various stressors is similar

Validity and Reliability

test measures what it should v.s same scores on a retest

linguistic relativity

view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes

reference group

a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors

strongest group has how many members?

3

superheating

when a liquid is heated past its boiling point but does not boil \n -surface tension can prevent the formation of bubbles and cause superheating to occur \n -when bubbles try to form the surface tension can cause an increase in the local vapor pressure that goes beyond ambient pressure allowing the liquid to heat past its bp \n -this can cause large bubbles to form suddenly and erupt from the distillation flask

boiling chips

made of porous material provides surfaces with nucleation sites where small bubbles can form. This overcomes the surface tension and allows the liquid to boil evenly \n used in simple and fractional distillations

Naming esters: methanol + ethanoic acid

methyl ethanoate

LiAlH4

Lithium aluminum hydride is a very strong reducing agent. It will reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids to alcohols, and amides and nitriles to amines. It will also open epoxides.

ketones to secondary alcohols

alpha helices

\-alpha helices are right handed \n -3.6 amino acids per each 360 turn

Kd: ligand dissociation constant

Kunbinding/Kbinding

all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum travel at

the speed of light 3.0x10^8 m/s

Electric field lines begin

at positive charges and end at negative charges; hence they point away from regions of higher voltages and towards lower voltages

electrical insulator

a material through which charge cannot flow easily (ex: good insulators are wood, plastic, rubber, and air)

an electron at rest in an electric field has PE equal to

qV

cardiac out

volumetric flow rate

social constructionism

explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

social constructs do not have inherent meaning. The only meaning they have is the meaning given to them by people. For example, **the idea that pink is for girls and blue is for boys is an example of a social construct related to gender and the color of items.**

absorption of UV light causes

excitation of bound electrons

The half-life of a radioactive isotope . . .

\
the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay

phosphorylated amino acids

result in a adding a negative charge

Static Pressure

The force exerted by an enclosed, non-moving fluid when pressure is applied to the fluid

Flow pressure

Pressure created by the rate of flow or velocity of water coming from a discharge opening. \n \n \*Because the velocity of the air in the mask is greater than that of the ambient air, the pressure inside the mask is lower (this is known as the Venturi effect). Air flows from high to low pressures; the static air flows in to the mask.

Keq > 1

products are favored, spontaneous

coordinate covalent bond

Lewis acid-base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor

solubility product constant (Ksp)

the equilibrium expression for a chemical equation representing the dissolution of a slightly to moderately soluble ionic compound

The first heart sound is heard when the “LUB”

AV valves close

systolic pressure is determined

from the first sound of blood flow that can be heard once the pressure exerted by the inflatable cuff falls below the pressure in the artery

Hess' Law equation

negative focal length vs positive focal length

diverging lens

reduced image

converging lens (convex)

enlarged image

secondary protein structure

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

what type of cells are the most proliferative?

**epithelial cells of the internal organs, such as the GI tract, kidney, liver, breast, skin fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells that line blood vessels**.

what happens after a macrophage ingests a particle?

the material initially becomes trapped in a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Inside the phagolysosome, enzymes digest the foreign object.

What is a phagolysosome?

The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome.

allosteric regulation in glycolysis

phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase

allosteric regulation in the citric acid cycle

**Citrate synthase, Succinate dehydrogenase and α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase**

Proteasomes

large, recognize abnormally folded or formed proteins; involved in proteolysis (breakdown of proteins)

Acetylation

of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to loosen and spread apart \n -post-translational modification

Methylation

A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed.

Prion

protein particles that cause disease

Viroids

Infectious particles that cause disease in plants

antibiotic resistance

Resistance to antibiotics occurs not in humans, but in the bacteria that infects humans

microtubules originate from

centrosome

linguistic relativity hypothesis

the idea that language determines thought. For example, Inuit people have dozens of words for snow.

Escape learning v.s avoidance learning

escape learning - individuals learn how to get away from aversive stimulus by engaging in particular behavior; avoidance learning - person performs behavior to ensure average stimulus is not presented

shaping vs acquisition

Acquisition: explains the initial phase of acquiring a behavior and applies to BOTH classical and operant conditioning

Shaping: a procedure of continuous reinforcement to help the subject acquire a behavior that ONLY applies to operant conditioning

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

exchange mobility

the exchange of positions on the socioeconomic scale such that talented people move up the economic hierarchy while the less talented move down

horizontal mobility example

you get fired from being a manager at subway, and now are a manager of Quiznos \n (you work the same position but in a different area)

Magnification

ability of lenses to produce images that are smaller or larger than than a real object that is placed at some distance from the lens

total magnification formula

M total =M1 x M2

Dielectric

a medium or substance that transmits electric force without conduction; an insulator. inserted between capacitor plates such that the electric fields generated between the two plates causes dipoles in the dielectric material to align decreasing electric field strength and voltage and thereby increasing capacitance

Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns

radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma

(low to high)

hotter objects radiate waves in the 

higher frequency region of the spectrum

\
colder objects radiate waves in the 

\
lower frequency region of the spectrum 

simple circuit

series circuit

parallel circuit

path length differences for destructive interference

wavelength / 2 ; phase difference is 180 degrees

1/2 wavelength, 3/2 wavelength, etc 

path length differences for constructive interference

wavelength; phase difference is 0 degrees

0, wavelength, 2(wavelength), etc 

role exit

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression

short chain vs long chain fatty acids

some short chain fatty acids can pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane directly but long chain fatty acids can only cross the outer mitochondrial membrane

electric force on a charged object equals 

the product of the object's charge and the electric field 

period equals 

distance/volume