Modern World History

Women jobs (WWI)

Nurses, ambulance drivers, phone operators, factory work,

Women's suffrage

* Many countries gave women voting rights after WWI because of their participation in military service or employment during war
* Granted by: UK, Germany, USA, Soviet Union

Triple Alliance

- Original members: Austria-Hungary, germany, and Italy

Triple Entente

- Original members: France, Britain, and Russia

- Later joined by Italy because of Treaty of London

Militarism

Growth in military spending and size of militaries and armies prior to WWI

Imperialism

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Nationalism

Strong feeling of pride and devotion to one's country

Neutrality

Not supporting or helping either side in a conflict

The Black Hand/Gavrilo Princip

- Serbian terrorist nationalist group that wanted Bosnia back from Austrian-Hungary rule

- Gavrilo Princip: Assassinated Franz Ferdinand

Franz Ferdinand

- Archduke of Austria Hungary

- Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip

Conscription

Mandatory enrollment in military service; the draft

Total war

Involvement of the entire society in war production and combat

Machine Guns

- Mechanized weapons used during WWI

- Increased loss of life from previous war

U-boats

- Armed with torpedoes

- Germany's only weapon of advantage

Aircraft

- Device used for flight in air

- Used for bombing and dogfighting

Poison Gas

- Blinded or choked victims and cause agonizing burns and blisters

- First used by Germany

Trench Warfare

- Warfare where opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in battlefield

- Became main form of fighting on Western front

- Created stalemates

Surplus Women

- Gender imbalance of women to men after WWI

- Most tradition jobs for women paid badly and involved serious drop in social status

- Growing number of professions in journalism, theater, nursing

- Universities allowed women to attend by not take degrees

Armenian Genocide

- Turkish government organized deportment of the Armernians in Ottoman empire to syria

- 1.5 million murdered

Ottoman Empire

- Empire in Turkey

- Collapsed after end of WWI, after defeat of central powers

- Territory either gained independence or establish British and french colonies

Arab Revolt

- Nationalism spreads from europe to middle east

- Arabic ethnic groups wanted to be their own independent countries

- British and french want to support arabic independence so that they could control middle east

- Arabs do not gain independence

T.E. Lawrence

British intelligence officer who was sent to recruit arab fighters for arab revolt

Hejaz Railway

- Main transport of Ottoman empire during WWI

- Arab revolt; dynamite it

Saudis

- Main ethnic group of the arabian peninsula

- Gained control of arabia after the end of WWI

Sykes Picot Agreement

- Secret agreement between britain and france

- Divided up arab lands

Self-determination

- Different ethnic groups want to form their own country

- Austria Hungary did this

Fourteen Points

- Speech given by Woodrow Wilson

- List of terms for resolving war against germany and future wars

- Called for freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale reductions of arms, and end of secret treaties

- Favored self determination

The Treaty of Versailles

- Blamed germany for WWII

- Reparations for Germany

- Armed forces reduction

- Territory loss for Germany; lost land to poland and france, lost all overseas colonies, no union with austria allowed

The Treaty of London

- Caused Italy to join war and allies

- Secret treaty

- Promised territories in Austria

League of Nations

- International organization to guarantee international peace after WWI

- US and Russia never joined; Germany eventually left

- Most important thing in Fourteen Points

Reparations

- Part of Treaty of Versailles

- Germany was ordered to pay fines to the allies to repay costs of war

- Led to hyperinflation in Germany

Tsar Nicholas II

- Last tsar of Russia

- End of Romanov line

- Executed along with rest of family under order of Lenin

Alexandra Romanov

- Empress of russia

- Wife of Tsar Nicholas II

- Takes control over politics with Rasputin

Alexei Romanov

- Son of Nicholas II

- Had hemophilia

- Reason for Rasputin's presence at palace

Abdication

Act of resigning from throne

Grigori Rasputin

- Influenced Tsarina Alexandra

- Increased loss of faith in Tsar by russian people

- Viewed as corrupt

- Alexandra thought Rasputin could heal Alexei

Aleksandr Kerensky

- Head of provisional government after tsar stepped down

- Continued russian involvement in WWI

Vladimir Lenin

- Leader of Bolsheviks

- Leader of Russian revolution

- Promised to end war, redistribute land, remove capitalist driven factories

Joseph Stalin

- Head of soviet communists (lead russia)

- Dictator of Soviet union

- Led soviet union using five-year plans to increase industrial production

- Participated in Yalta conference (WWII)

Leon Trotsky

- Russian revolutionary

- Communist theorist

- Helped lenin build red army

Communism

- Public ownership of fall forms of production, nothing is privately owned

- Peasants didn't like it because they were poor

- Workers are the ones in charge of how things work

- Government promotes equality

Revolution of 1905

- Strikes by urban workers and peasants in russia

- Caused by food shortages

- Nicholas II failed to fix political, economic, and social problems in Russia

February/March Revolution of 1917

- Russians lost faith in Tsar

- Increase in Government corruption