BIOLOGY

Skeletal system

is your body's central framework. It consists of bones and connective tissue, such as cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

Axial bones/skeleton

\- they carry body parts and provide skeletal support and organ protection. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, esophagus and major sense organs. Bones found in the center

Appendicular bones/skeletons

are bones that help us move around and are attached to the axial bones. Found on the lateral part or sid

Periosteum

s a tough membrane that covers and protects the outside of the bone.

Compact bone

Below the periosteum, compact bone is white, hard, and smooth. It provides structural support and protection.

Spongy bone

The core, inner layer of the bone is softer than a compact bone. It has small holes called pores to store marrow.

Cartilage

Smooth and flexible substance covers the tips of your bones where they meet. It enables bones to move without friction

Joints

is where two or more bones in the body come together.

Immovable joint

Do not let the bones move at all. Ex. Skull.

Partly movable joints

These joints allow limited movement. The joints in your rib cage are partly movable joints.

Movable joints:

Allow a wide range of motion. Your elbow, shoulder, and knee are movable joints.

Ligaments

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Tendons

fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Hematopoiesis

is blood cell production. Your body continually makes new blood cells to replace old ones.

Red blood cells

fight infection

White blood cells

clot your blood when you're injured (platelets)

Skull bones

comprises 22 bones

Cranial bones

\- Eight bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain

Facial bones

There are 14 facial bones. They are found on the front of the skull and make up the face.

Auditory ossicles

are six small bones found within the inner ear canal in the skull.

Hyoid

is a U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments in the neck.

Vertebral column

is made up of 26 bones. The first 24 are all vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone)

Cervical vertebrae

(7) bones are found in the head and neck.

Thoracic vertebrae

12) bones are found in the upper back.

Lumbar vertebrae

(5) bones are found in the lower back.

Remodeling

bones that are constantly undergoing a process which involves the removal of old bone tissue and the formation of new bone tissue to adapt to changes in stress, growth, and repair.

FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

It allows the body to movement.

Produces blood cells and stores and releases fat.

Red Bone Marrow

is where hematopoiesis the production of blood cells takes place.

Yellow Bone Marrow

stores fat and serves as an energy reserve.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

It is responsible for the motor function of the body

Skeletal Muscle

these muscles work with your bones, tendons and ligaments

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary Muscles. They help your heart pump blood that travels through your cardiovascular system.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary Muscles. These muscles line the insides of organs such as the bladder, stomach and intestines

Excitability

capacity of muscle to receive and respond to an electrical stimulus by either nerves or hormones

Contractility

ability of muscle to shorten forcefully, or contract.

Extensibility

a muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract, by the application of force.

Elasticity

ability of the muscle to spring back to its original 04 resting length after it has been stretched.

Adaptability

adaptability of the muscle to change in response to how it is used

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM

main function is to allow movement.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM -

is sometimes called the blood vascular, or simply the circulatory system. A system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body

FUNCTIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

To move blood throughout the body

Cardiac Muscle

works to keep your heart pumping through involuntary movements. This is one feature that differentiates it from skeletal muscle tissue, which you can control. This is responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore, the pumping action.

Endocardium

The innermost layer of the heart. A tissue covering the inside of the heart, the endocardium keeps the blood flowing through the heart separate from the myocardium, or cardiac muscles.

Myocardium

the middle muscular layer of the wall of the heart. Facilitate the contraction and relaxation of the heart walls in order to receive and pump the blood into the systemic circulation

Epicardium

the outermost tissue layer that envelops all vertebrate hearts, a thin layer of elastic connective tissue and fat that serves as an additional layer of protection from trauma or friction for the heart under the pericardium.

Diastole

represents ventricular filling.

Systole

represents ventricular contraction/ejection.

Atrial Systole

When the atria or upper chambers of the heart contract.

Ventricular Systole

When the ventricles or lower chambers of the heart contract

Isovolumic Relaxation

At this stage, ventricles begin to contract.

Rapid Filling

this begins after left atrial pressure has exceeded the pressure within the LV and the mitral valve opens, allowing passive blood flow into the LV. This phase contributes the largest volume during filling.

Diastasis

The middle stage of diastole during the cycle of a heartbeat, where the initial passive filling of the heart's ventricles has slowed, but before the atria contract to complete the active filling.

Atrial Contraction

or “atrial kick,” occurs at the end of the diastole just before the closing of the mitral valve and after passive flow has reached the diastasis.

Heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body. The main organ of your cardiovascular system,

Right atrium

\- a thin walled chamber that serves mainly as a blood reservoir and gateway to the right ventricle.

Left atrium

located on the left posterior side. Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

Right ventricle

pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lung.

. Left ventricle

pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body

tricuspid valve:

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

pulmonary valve

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

mitral valve:

located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

aortic valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Blood Vessels

Deliver blood to the organs and tissues of your body. - Carry waste products and carbon dioxide away from your organs and tissues

Arteries

A tube like structures responsible for transporting fluids

• Elastic Arteries

arteries that receive blood directly from the heart - the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Muscular Arteries

\- arteries distribute blood to various parts of the body.

Arterioles

are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

Veins

Located throughout the body that collect oxygen poor blood and return it to your heart

• Deep veins

located within muscle tissue. The deep veins push the blood back toward the heart.

• Superficial veins

are located close to the surface of the skin and are not located near a corresponding artery

• Pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Systemic veins

return oxygen-depleted blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart.

Capillaries

Transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems

Continuous Capillaries

Responsible for the exchange of gasses, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

Fenestrated Capillaries

These capillaries move blood, fluids and waste throughout your body.

• Sinusoidal Capillaries

allow for the exchange of large molecules, even cells.

• Tunica intima

The inner layer surrounds the blood as it flows through your body. ..

• Tunica Media:

The middle layer contains elastic fibers that keep your blood flowing in one direction

Tunica Adventitia:

The outer layer contains nerves and tiny vessels.

Blood

\- Made up of red blood and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

Plasma

The fluid part of the blood and is composed of 90% of the water. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies.

White Blood Cells

Help the body fight infection and other diseases.

Platelets -

\- Small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding

boys

5 - 6 liters of blood

girls

4\.5 – 5.5 liters of blood

Pulmonary Circuit -

Transport oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where blood picks up a new blood supply

Systemic Circuit

Provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue.

Coronary Circuit

Supply blood to the heart muscle.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

\- involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated to the body

mouth

which is an anterior opening. Where food breaks down into smaller pieces

teeth

use for dicing or grinding the food as a preparation for swallowing

tongue

facilitates the movement of food during mastication and assisting swallowing.

saliva

to moisten the food for easy digestion

PHARYNX

commonly called the throat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

EPIGLOTTIS

When a person swallows, epiglottis folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs

ESOPHAGUS

\- is the hollow, muscular tube that passes food and liquid from your throat to your stomach

LIVER

This is a critical organ in the human body that is responsible for an array of functions that help support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage among other functions.

STOMACH

is an organ with strong muscular walls, the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste

GALLBLADDER

\- A pear shaped reservoir located just under the liver that receives and stores bile made in the liver.