Introduction - Animal Diversity [Reviewer]

Animals

They are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in a biological kingdom called animalia with few exceptions.

7.77 million

This is the the number of animal species in total.

Motile

Animals that can move their bodies during at least part of their life cycle.

Sessile

Animals that cannot move their bodies and stay in one place.

Blastula

• It is the hollow sphere of cells formed during embryonic development.

• It is a stage in the embryonic development that is unique to animals allowing cells to be differentiated into specialized tissues and organs.

Aristotle

• He is known as the Father of Zoology as well as biology.

• He has introduced several concepts including systematic observation and study of a wide range of animals.

• He also introduced the first system of classification.

Galen

• He works on anatomical and medical studies and he distinguished 7 pairs of cranial nerves.

• He also described the valves of the heart and observed the structural differences between arteries and veins.

• One of his most important demonstrations was that the arteries carry blood, not air.

• He contributed to the dissection of animals with pictures, blood movement in the body of animals, etc.

St. Albertus Magnus

• He was known as the father of Natural Science and also the patron saint of scientists.

• He was known to be the champion of Aristotelian outreach in science.

Andreas Vesalius

• He was known as the father of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy.

• He published an anatomical study and he accurately described the vestibule in the interior of the temporal bone of the skull.

• He also discovered human sternum.

William Harvey

• He is known for the discovery of circulation.

• He established blood circulation and heart as the pumping organ.

Carl Linnaeus

• He is the father of taxonomy.

• He created the Linnaean Classification System or the Binomial System.

George Louis Leriech/Comte de Buffon/Buffon

• He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of species that was thought impregnable.

• He wrote about the concept of struggle for existence and he developed a system of heredity.

Charles Darwin

• He gave new direction to morphology and physiology by uniting them in a common biological theory, which is the Theory of Organic Evolution. (Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection)

Gregor Mendel

• He discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance through his work on pea plants.

• He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.

• He also coined the terms dominant or recessive traits.

Thomas Hunt Morgan

• He believed that genetic traits are passed on in fruit flies.

• His work confirmed that genes are stored in chromosomes inside the nuclei.

George Cuvier

• He significantly showed that animals possess so many diverse anatomical traits that they could not be arranged in a single linear system.

• He arranged animals in 4 large groups: vertebrates, mollusks, articulata, and radiata.

Robert Hooke

• He was known for his cells and his microscope.

• Through the microscope, he discovered cells.

• He had also discovered plants cells and his discovery led to the understanding of cells as the smallest unit of life, the foundation of cell theory.

Schleiden and Schwann

• They studied plants and animal cells and they proposed the cell theory.

• They also proposed the spontaneous generation as the method for the cell origination.

Rudolf Virchow

He famously stated that all cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

Karl Ernst von Baer

• He was known to be the father of embryology.

• He believed that animal embryos started from one (or few), then shared basic forms, and then developed in a branching pattern into increasingly different looking organisms.

Claude Bernard

• He was a physiologist and he introduced the principle of homeostasis.

• He showed that organs can also produce and secrete molecules into the blood and he conceptualized the notion of internal secretion.

James Hutton

• He is best known for his important contributions to the science of geology, in the principle of uniformitarianism, and the great age of the earth.

• He was also the first person to propose a mechanism of natural selection to account for the evolutionary change over time.

Watson and Crick (James Watson and Francis Crick)

• They discovered DNA.

• According to them, each strand of DNA contains a chain of repeating units called nucleotide.

Alfred Wegener

He proposed the continental drift theory and he believed that the continents were once united into a single supercontinent named pangaea which later on broke or drifted apart.

Jane Goodall

She was considered the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

He believed that organisms alter their behavior in response to environmental change and their changed behavior in turn, modify their organs and their offspring inherit those improved structures.

Zoology

It is concerned with the study of animals and the animal kingdom.

Anthrozoology

The study of the interaction between humans and other animals

Arachnology

A specialized study that deals with the study of spiders and related species known as arachnids.

Archaezoology

The study of dead animals or faunal remains

Batrachology

The study of amphibians

Bionics (Modern Science)

The study of mechanical systems that function like living organisms or parts of living organisms

Cetology

The study of marine animals which includes whales, dolphins, etc.

Embryology

Study of prenatal development of gametes, fertilization and the development of embryos.

Entomology

The study of insects

Choleopterylology

The study of beetles

Conchology

The study of mollusk shells

Dipterology

The study of all types of flies

Ethology

The study of animal behavior

Genetics

The study of heredity and variation among animals

Helminthology

The study of parasitic worms or helminths

Hemipterology

The study of true bugs or the hemiptera

Herpetology

The study of reptiles and amphibians

Histology

The study of tissues

Ichthtyology

Study of fish

Isopterology

The study of termites

Lepidopterology

The study of butterflies and moth

Malacology

The study of mollusks

Mammalogy

The study of mammals

Melittology

The study of bees

Morphology

The study of the form and structure of organisms

Myrmecology

The study of ants

Nematology

The study of roundworms, nematodes

Ophiology

The study of snakes

Trichopterology

The study of caddisfly

Vespology

The study of wasps

Paleozoology

The study of fossil animals

Pathology

The study of bodily fluids in the laboratory such as the blood, urine, or tissues to diagnose a disease

Primatology

The study of living and extinct primates

Protozoology

The study of protozoa

Taxonomy

The study that defines groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics

Zoogeography

The scientific study of geographical distribution of animal species

Zoometry

The subdivision of zoology that deals with the measurements, the length, or size of animal parts

Anatomy

The study of the human structure and functions

Zootomy

The study of the structure and functions of animals

Animal Genetics

The study of heredity and variation among animals

Physiology

The study of the functions in the structures of animals

Evolution

The study of the origin and differentiation of animals

Ecology

The study of the relationship of animals to their environment

Divine Creation (Special Creation Theory)

This is the most famous theory which states that the entire universe was formed by supernatural power or being who we call as God.

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

This theory proposes that the living form arose spontaneously from the non-living materials such as dug, mud, or any earth materials.

Cosmozoic/Interplanetary Theory

This theory proposes that life originated from the outer planet in the form of a resistant spore propelled by radiation pressure, that life existed from the outer space and was transported by the meteorites, asteroid, comets to a very receptive Earth.

Marine Theory

This theory states that the Earth filled much water and that life originated from the sea.

Naturalistic/Evolutionary/Physicochemical Theory

• It is the most scientific and most accepted theory.

• It suggests that life came about as a result of chain of chemical reactions.

• These reactions gave rise to mass of living protoplasm that gradually modified and changed, and gave rise to present forms of life.

Modern/Chemosynthetic Theory of Origin of Life

This theory claims that it is not possible to create life spontaneously and that specific requirements are essential.

Oparin-Haldane Theory

• This theory states that from the abiogenetic material, organic molecules could have been formed in the presence of external energy source.

• According to this theory, through a series of chemical reactions, life emerged in water and on primitive earth from chemicals.

Chemical Evolution of the RNA World

This theory states that RNA, not DNA, was the first genetic molecule of life on earth.

Metabolism-First Hypothesis

This theory believed that organic compounds could have been delivered to early earth by meteorites and other celestial objects.

Movement

This is defined as an action by an organism or part of the organism causing a change of position or place.

Respiration

This is defined as the chemical reaction insde their cells that breakdown nutrients, molecules, and release energy for metabolism.

Sensitivity or Response to the Environment or Stimuli

This is defined as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses.

Growth

This is defined as a permanent increase in size and body mass by an increase in the cell number or size, or both

Reproduction

This is defined as the process that make more of the same type of organism. For something to be considered alive, it must be able to reproduce and create offspring, a kind of its own.

Excretion

It is defined as the removal from organism of the waste products of metabolism

Nutrition

This is defined as the process of taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development.

Cellular Organization or Order

All living things are composed of one or more cells that leads to tissue, organs, and organ systems.

Heredity

This is the ability to pass on genetic material, the DNA, from the parent to offspring.

Phenotypic Traits

This is the way a living thing looks on the outside (hair color, skin color, facial features, etc.)

Genotypic Traits

This is the actual genetic code that determines how something behaves and look.

Growth and Development

This is the process by which all organisms develop overtime to become more physically and mentally mature. This can be an increase in size, substance of the organism, or thickness of the organism.

Metabolism

This is the process of using chemical reactions to process and/or use resources from the environment in order to continue functioning.

Adaptation through Evolution

The ability to change over time in response to the environment

Taxis

This is the ability of the animals to sense and react or respond to the stimuli in the environment.

Positive Taxis

Moving towards the stimuli

Negative Taxis

Moving away from the stimuli

Thigmotaxis/Thigmotropism

The response to contract/pressure/touch

Thermotaxis

The response to temperature

Heliotaxis

The response to sunlight or photosensitivity in animals

Phototaxis

The response to artificial light

Galvanotaxis

The response to electricity