N.A. 1 H Definitions (2)

brain

consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

brainstem

part of the brain that controls breathing, opening and closing of blood vessels, heart rate, swallowing, gagging, and coughing

CNS

one of the two divisions of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

cerebral cortex

outer layer of the cerebrum where ideas, thinking, analysis, judgement, emotions, and memory occurs

CVA

damage to part of the brain due to blood clot or hemorrhage cutting off blood supply

cerebellum

part of the brain located just below the cerebrum that controls balance and regulates movement

cerebrum

center of the brain where thought and intelligence occur and is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes

cognitive impairment

poor judgement, memory loss, inability to solve problems, confusion

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

emotional liability

inappropriate or uncalled for laughing, crying, or expressions of anger

expressive aphasia

trouble communicating thoughts by speech or writing

frontal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum important for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity

head and spinal cord injuries

injuries resulting from diving accidents, sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents, and war injuries; resulting in mild concussion to coma, paralysis, and death

hemiparesis

weakness on one side of body

hemiplegia

paralysis to one side of body

left hemisphere of cerebrum

the half of the cerebrum that controls the right side of the body

nerves

structures made up of nerve cells or neurons that carry messages to and from the brain and to and from the rest of the body

nervous system

the control and message center of the body

neurons

basic unit of the nervous system, nerve cells

occipital lobe

lobe of the cerebrum primarily responsible for vision

paraplegia

complete loss of function occurs to the lower body

parietal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum that processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement

paresis

loss of use of muscle function affecting only part of body

parkinson’s disease

progressive, incurable disease that causes a part of the brain to degenerate, resulting in stiffened muscles, shuffling gait, and bent posture

peripheral nervous system

one of the two divisions of the nervous system that include nerves that travel throughout the body

quadriplegia

complete loss of function occurs to lower and upper body, plus trunk

receptive aphasia

difficulty understanding spoken or written words

right hemisphere of the cerebrum

the half of the cerebrum that controls the left side of the body

sensory organs

receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears

spinal cord

located within the spine, connected to the brain and conducts messages between the brain and body by pathways

temporal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum that processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, slight and touch

angina pectoris

chest pain occurring when the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen due to narrowed blood vessels, brought about by exercise, stress, excitement, of digesting a big meal

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood with oxygen away from the heart and to the cells

atherosclerosis

arteries harden die to plaque build-up from fatty deposits

cardiovascular system

the continuous movement of blood through the body

CAD

a condition in which blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, lowering blood supply to the heart and depriving it of oxygen

CAD (abbreviation)

coronary artery disease

CHF

when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping effectively

CHF (abbreviation)

congestive heart failure

hypertension

high blood pressure

MI

a condition where the heart muscle foes not receive enough blood and lacks oxygen, causing damage or death to that area of the heart

PVD

poor circulation of legs, feet, arms, hands due to fatty deposits that harden in blood vessels

PVD (abbreviation)

peripheral vascular disease

varicose veins

enlarged, twisted veins usually in the legs

veins

blood vessels that carry blood with waste products away from the cells and to the heart

asthma

chronic inflammatory disease occurring when the respiratory system reacts quickly and strongly to irritants (pollen or dust), characterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a sense of tightness or constriction in the chest due to spasm of the muscles

chronic bronchitis

chronic irritation and inflammation of bronchi usually caused by smoking

COPD

chronic, progressive disease of the lungs causing trouble breathing, particularly getting air out of lungs

COPD (abbreviation)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

cyanosis

changes in skin color, pale of bluish color of lips and extremities

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

emphysema

chronic, progressive disease of the lungs causing irreversible damage, usually resulting from chronic bronchitis and smoking

expiration

involves the breathing out of carbon dioxide

inspiration

involved the breathing in of oxygen\`

lobes

segments of the lung

lower respiratory tract

consists of lower trachea, bronchi, and lungs

lungs

elastic, spongy, cone shaped air-filled structures involved in respiration

pneumonia

acute (sudden onset) infection of the lung or lungs caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus

pursed-lip breathing

an assistive breathing pattern for residents with chronic lung disease that requires inhaling slowly through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips

respiratory system

involves inspiration and expiration

thorax

closed cavity of the body that contain the structures needed for respiration, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm

URI

viral or bacterial infection of nose, sinuses, an throat with nasal drainage, sneezing, sore throat, fever, and tiredness

upper respiratory tract

consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and top of trachea

bowel movement

semi-solid material made of water, solid waste, bacteria, and mucus that is eliminated via anus

colostomy

a surgically created opening through the abdomen into large intestine to allow stool to be expelled into a bag affixed to the abdomen

constipation

inability to have a stool or infrequent, difficult, and possibly painful elimination of a hard, dry stool

defecation

the passage of the bowel movement from the large intestines out of the body through the anus

diarrhea

liquid stool

digestive system

extends from the mouth to the anus, responsible for digestion and elimination

enema

specific amount of water that may or may not have an additive and is inserted into the colon to stimulate passage of stool

esophagus

the food tube of the body between the throat and stomach

flatulence

gas

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach lining

gastric/peptic ulcer

raw sores in the stomach caused by excessive acid secretion

GERD

chronic condition when liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus and that can damage the lining of the esophagus

GERD (abbreviation)

gastroesophageal reflux disease

incontinence of stool

not able to control bowel movements, leading to an unintentional passage of stool

intestines (small, large)

lower GI structures

peristalsis

involuntary contractions that move food through the digestive system

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammatory disease of large intestine; serious condition that can result in colostomy

BPH

enlargement of prostate gland leading to urinary dysfunction

BPH (abbreviation)

benign prostatic hypertrophy

CKD

damage of the kidneys that worsens gradually

cystitis

inflammation o bladder due to infection

dysuria

painful urination

functional incontinence

loss of urine caused by cognitive, physical, or environment reasons

hematuria

blood in the urine

renal calculi

jagged stones formed when urine crystalizes in the kidneys that can block kidneys and ureters causing excruciating pain

kidneys

paired organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine

nephritis

inflammation of kidney due to infection

overflow incontinence

loss of urine due to bladder overflow or distention

retention

inability to completely empty the bladder

stress incontinence

loss of urine with sneezing or coughing

ureters

narrow tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

a tube located between the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

urge incontinence

involuntary loss of urine from a sudden urge to void

urinary bladder

muscular sac that sores the urine until it passed from the body

urinary system

the filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from blood

UTI

an infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney typically caused by E. coli

urine straining

process of pouring urine into a fine filter strainer to catch any particles, particularly kidney stones