Baylor HIS 1300 Final David Smith

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Venice

An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Venetian & Genoese Wars

Spread throughout the Mediterranean, Genoese wins and capture Venetian soldiers

Iberian Peninsula

Spain and Portugal (watched Portugal get destroyed)

Prince Henry

Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration (wanted Portugal to become the new Venice

Bartholomew Diaz

This explorer reached the Cape of Good Hope then had to turn around due to lack of food and mutiny on his ship (thinks he found the bottom of Africa)

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Paolo Dal Toscanelli

Mapmaker who thinks you can cross the Atlantic to get to Japan, travels to Spain

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

King and Queen of Spain - help unify Spain and support and encourage Spanish exploration, they give Columbus three ships

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. ("No peace beyond this line")

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

maritime culture

A human culture with a very close relationship with the sea (England)

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Francis Drake and John Hawkins

Wanted to carry out a "privateer" campaign and patrol the oceans, wanted to be pirates against King Philip's ships, "The Book of Martars"

Walter Raleigh

Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

King James I

English king who gave charter to Virginia company, searching for gold and a route to Indies; eventually revoked charter of Virginia Company (dislilked House of Burgesses and tobacco), putting it directly under his control

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Virginia Company of London

English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America

Virginia Company of Plymouth

an English joint-stock company that, having gained a charter to colonize in North America from the king of England, sent an unsuccessful expedition in 1607 to settle in Maine

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

1st Tidewater War

Surprise attack launched on good friday

Angola

Portugal colony, enslave the people who live there and bring them back to Portugal, Portuguese slave trade stars

1619

The year when the first U.S representative assembly was established - House of Burgesses (Jamestown, Virginia)

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

Dutch

Later to the game, maritime society like England, begin to form charter companies

Dutch West India Co.

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Charles I

Enforced Divine Right. Bring more Absolutist policies to England .Also brought too much Catholic influence. Tried and Executed in 1649 as a "tyrant,traitor, murderer, and public enemy"

Massachusetts Bay Company

A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Anglo-Dutch Wars

Three indecisive wars between the British and the Dutch, 1652-1674, England annexed the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to become New York

New Sweden

Doesn't last long, Dutch take it and becomes part of New Amsterdam

Georgia

Becomes a buffer zone between England and Spain, gives this land to people in prison for debt

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

The Age of Faith

Another term for the Middle Ages as a time of Christian outlook and behavior, but also a time of great superstition and little education.

The Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

The Thirty Years War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Age of Reason

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Connectedness of English colonies and mother countries

"The Rights of Englishmen", England is the only place with king and parliament"

Ohio Company of Virginia

a large land investment in Ohio Valley, in 1745 attempted to break the French and Indian hold on the Ohio valley by sending an expedition against Fort Duquesne.

Forks of the Ohio

the first fort was established by the birtish in 1754 it was called fort prince george. however before the fort could be sompleted the birtish were driven out by the French, strategically significant

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Braddock

British general whose defeat and death left the frontier open to Indian attacks

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

The George's

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Currency Act

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Acts (1767)

Tax on tea, glass, and paper. Passed around the times of the other "Intolerable Acts"

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Actual Representation

The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

Cato's Letters

A collection of newspaper articles published to convince people to support the freedom of expression and to fight against the heavy handed rule of the British government.

Thomas Gage

A British general of Massachusetts who ordered the stored weapons seized by the Sons of Liberty to be taken back & the leaders arrested

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

2nd Continental Congress

Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

Virginia Declaration of Rights

a declaration of citizens' rights issued by the Virginia Convention

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Genet Affair

A series of American attacks on British vessels while under the French flag organized by Edmond Genet, a French envoy.

Lousiana Purchase

The selling of Lousiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn'g believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Empire of Liberty

The idea, expressed by Jefferson, that the United States would not rule its new territories as colonies, but rather would eventually admit them as full member states.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Adam-Onis Treaty

1819 agreement between the United States and Spain where Spain sold Florida to the United States, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams secured the deal

Texas Revolution

the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Mexican War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

Steven Douglas

A U.S. senator for 14 years and a presidential contender, he was a major figure in pre-Civil War politics. He is best remembered for his debates with Abraham Lincoln on the question of slavery in 1858.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.