Final Exam (Exam 5)

Modernism

Post WWII movement based on the rejection of history and conservative values (such as realistic depiction of subjects), innovation and experimentation with form (the shapes, colors, and lines that make up the work), and an emphasis on materials, techniques, and processes

Land Art

Site-specific work that is created or marked by an artist within natural surroundings, wanted to draw attention to issues of pollution, depletion of natural resources, and toxic waste

Postmodernism

Began in the 1950s, was a reaction against modernist formalism that many saw as elitist, was more inclusive and accommodating of a variety of styles, subjects, and mediums

Performance Art

New genre after WWII, artists performed before an audience, who may or may not participate, performances are temporary and not usually repeated

Existentialism

A philosophy that asserted the absurdity of human existence and the impossibility of ever finding purpose/truth in life

Conceptual Art

An American avant-garde art movement of the 1960s based on the notion that the artist's idea and process is more important than its final expression, can be interested in word play

Formalism

championed by Clement Greenberg, an emphasis on the visual elements rather than subject

Jackson Pollock

A twentieth-century American painter, famous for creating abstract paintings by dripping or pouring paint on a canvas in complex swirls and spatters

Abstract Expressionism

Emerged in mid-twentieth century, emphasized spontaneity, gestural brushstrokes, nonobjective imagery, and fields of intense color

Action Painting

application of paint to canvas by dripping, splashing, or smearing that emphasizes the artist's gestures

Gestural Abstraction

Also known as action painting, a kind of abstract painting in which the gesture, or act of painting, is seen as the subject of art

Mark Rothko

Famous abstract expressionist; often used bright colors and geometric shapes to influence tone and mood, painted No. 14

Chromatic Abstraction (Color-Field)

style of abstract painting that emerged in NYC during the 40s-50s, characterized by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into a canvas creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane, emphasis on an overall consistency of form and process

The Dinner Party

Judy Chicago, this piece was a reinterpretation of the Last Supper, an installation of 39 women on a triangular table, many of the plates had motifs of butterflies and vulvas

Post-Painterly Abstraction

An American art movement that emerged in the 1960s and was characterized by a cool, detached rationality emphasizing control, coined by Clement Greenberg

Judy Chicago

was a feminist artist who wanted to educate viewers about women's roles in history and the fine arts, made The Dinner Party

Francis Bacon

rejected the preferred artistic style of abstraction of the era in favor of a distinctive and disturbing realism, making Figure with Meat

Spiral Jetty

Robert Smithson made this at Great Salt Lake in Utah, land art

Minimalism

an art movement that sought to reduce ideas to simplest forms, creation of geometric shapes or progressions of shapes or lines using minimal numbers of formal elements

Combines

Multimedia works which mixed painting and sculpture, can include found objects

Pop Art

art movement that began in Britain in early 1950s, based on modern popular culture and the mass media, artists wanted to reach the public that they felt the avant-garde had alienated

Silk-screen printing

a printmaking technique in which a mesh cloth is stretched over a heavy wooden frame and the design is printed by having a squeegee force color through the pores of the material in areas not blocked out by a glue sizing

Superrealism (Photorealism)

A school of painting and sculpture of the 1960s and 1970s that wanted art to be more accessible, expanded the artistic language of Pop Art and added a dedicated optical fidelity

Feminist Art

the art of the 70's which focused on the power that kept women in a subordinate place in society and the arts, sought equal rights in contemporary society, but also to rediscover lost female artists

Modernist Architecture

Movement concerned with formal elements and simplicity, the buildings had a mix of organic and geometric forms

Post-Modernist Architecture

Rejected the severity and rigid formalism of modernist architecture, revived an interest in historical styles and were not afraid of complex designs

Contemporary Art

Art produced now, not a particular movement or style

Frank Gehry

Contemporary architect, designed the Guggenheim in Bilbao

Personal and Group Identity

How one fits into society based on ethnicity, politics, race, religion, gender, and sexual orientation

Kehinde Wiley

Contemporary artist who adapts classical portraits with African American people posing in modern clothes, did Obama's portrait

Gender and Sexuality

An identity that is often incorporated into contemporary art, how one identifies sexually

Guerrilla Girls

a coalition of anonymous female artists who raise awareness of race and gender discrimination by appropriating strategies of guerilla warfare

National Identity

An identity often incorporated into contemporary art, one's heritage or place of origin

Xu Bing

Chinese contemporary artist, known for printmaking and calligraphy, made Living Word

Political and Social Commentary

In the late 20th century, art began to be used for sharing opinions on politics and social topics to shed light on them

Kiki Smith

Feminist contemporary artist who deals with the objectification of the human body, trained as an emergency medical technician so most of her early sculptures pertain to bodily organs and bodily fluids, made Untitled

Robert Mapplethrope

Homosexual American photographer, known for his sensitive yet blunt treatment of controversial subject-matter, got a grant from the US government but angered them with his LGBTQ+ and BDSM subject matter

Yayoi Kusama

Japanese contemporary artist who works primarily in sculpture and installation, "princess of polka dots", known for her mind-bending installations

Green Architecture

The practice of designing and building homes with environmental considerations such as energy efficiency, recycling, and conservation of natural resources in mind

Trade

A statement on the exchange between Native Americans and colonists, made by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, shows how disrespected Native Americans are

Deconstructivism

an artistic movement that started in architecture by the end of the 1980s, criticizes the rational order, purity, and simplicity of modern design and developed a new aesthetic based on complex geometries

Martyrs

A contemporary piece done by Bill Viola and Kira Perov, uses the digital arts to show strength

Vietnam Memorial

Designed by Maya Lin, a huge wall of black granite in DC that is inscribed with the names of more than 58,000 Americans who died in Vietnam

Kente Fabric

A cloth that originated in Ghana centuries ago, made of handwoven cloth, strips of silk, and cotton, symbolizes cultural affiliations from West Africa

Installation

an artwork created by the assembling and arrangement of objects in a specific location, usually move around to different museums

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

A couple who made large scale environmental art, known for "wrapping" things, such as islands and giant gates

Sultanate of Delhi

Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors, began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent

Lotus Mahal

A palace in Vijayanagara, India built for a royal family there, the dome looks like an open lotus bud

Vijayanagar Empire

Independent empire proclaimed by Haihara and Bukka: "city of victory", expanded greatly, dominant Hindu state in India

Akbar the Great

Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India, he is considered to be their greatest ruler, he is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion

Mughal Empire

a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s

Miniature Painting

Small individual Indian paintings intended to be held in the hand and viewed by one or two individuals at one time

Rajput Kingdoms

These were several different kingdoms shown in India before the time of the British, they had their own culture, but the country was clearly divided in many ways, wealth, sexism, and warrior-like honor were emphasized

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife, designed by Ustad Ahmad Lahori

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms, greatly influenced art

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra)

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran, greatly influenced art

Pietra Dura

inlay technique of using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images

Aniconism

avoidance of figural imagery that Muslims practiced

Avatars

a concept in Hinduism that literally means "descent", signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a powerful deity, goddess, or spirit on Earth

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha, different schools/paths, advocated for asceticism

Bhakti

devotion paid to Vishnu

Minaret

A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship

Gopuras

massive, ornamented entrance gateway towers of South Indian temple compounds

Great Temple at Madurai

Large temple in India dedicated to Parvati, wife of Shiva, gopura added to enclose greater spaces, sloping facade contains thousands of sculptures of gods, interior staircases

Mudra

a symbolic hand gesture in Hindu and Buddhist art

Indo-Saracen Architecture

A mix of traditional Indian architecture with British or colonial architecture, shows the fusion of cultures due to colonialism

Stupa

Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound

Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Marwar

Painting in 1880 that shows the fusion of British and Indian culture

Ashoka at Kalinga

Bronze statue made by Meera Mukherjee, made to protest political violence in India

Dhokra bronze casting

A metal casting process using the lost-wax casting technique, has been used in India for over 4,000 years, the metal extract is heated to reach extremely high temperatures to melt, then filled in the pre-casted molds

Walking Buddha motif

Bronze sculpture from the Thai 'Golden Age', this Buddha is depicted walking with his right hand in the gesture of reassurance

Pagoda

multistoried Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up at the corners

Emerald Buddha

A statue in Emerald Temple, Bangkok, only the Thai king and his crown prince can touch the statue, the statue's garb is changed from monk robes to princely robes 3 times a year to convey the royal family's combination of secular and spiritual power

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China, initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries, was ruled by the Manchu people, began to isolate themselves from Western culture

Forbidden City

Built in the Ming Dynasty, a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China, proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang

Dragon and Phoenix motif

Chinese spiritual and cultural symbols which represent auspiciousness and harmony, often shown in art

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty

Orchard Factory

A Chinese imperial palace workshop during the Ming Dynasty, primarily produced lacquered wood furniture and decorative objects of astonishing quality

Calligraphy

the art of fine handwriting, decorative handwriting

Ming Gardens (Unplanned Garden)

Great development of garden art, built gardens on the south side

Literati/Scholarly painting

Chinese painting style that aimed to reveal the inner character of the painter and communicate, through depictions of nature, man, or objects, virtues, strength of purpose, and sensitivity towards the conditions of human life

Guan Daosheng

Female Chinese painter who made Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain, often known as greatest female painter and calligrapher

Fan Painting

a format of East Asian painting in which the image is painted on an oblong, round, or folded fan

Jingdezhen Porcelain

Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in southern China, by the 14th century it had become the largest center of production of Chinese porcelain, close to the best quality deposits porcelain stone

Kaolin

the type of clay that is used to make porcelain, named after the hill in China that it was mined from

Underglaze

Colored decoration applied to bisqued clay, then coated with a clear glaze, typically made of clay slip and raw pigment

Overglaze

Glaze decoration applied on the surface of an already glazed piece and then refired

Lacquer

a protective glossy coating consisting of a resin, cellulose ester, or both, dissolved in a volatile solvent, sometimes with pigment added

Cloisonne

an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects with colored material held in place or separated by metal strips or wire, normally of gold

Northern School

A division of Chinese painting, taught a more gradual acquisition of truth, the more professional type of painting

Southern School

A division of Chinese painting, emphasized a sudden, intuitive realization of truth, called literati and more "amateur"

Giuseppe Castiglione

Painted Auspicious Objects, the translation of Western linear perspective for architecture and garden creations in China

Rent Collection Courtyard

group of clay life-sized figures, created by Ye Yushan and others, shows an evil landlord collecting rent from poor peasants

Muromachi Period

The period in Japanese history between 1392 and 1568 that was initiated when the Ashikaga family gained control of the shogunate and established their center of power in the Muromachi district of Kyoto