abnormal psych exam 2

self-hypnosis

Some theorists conclude that dissociative disorders may be a form of:

daydreaming.

hallucinations.

self-hypnosis.

disordered thinking.

exposure

Some studies indicate that _____ treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders, irrespective of the precipitating trauma.

drug

exposure

electroconvulsive

psychodynamic

b

Justin's parents divorced when he 10 years old. Based on research, how might this experience affect his ability to cope with a trauma later in life?

a. Parental divorce is not correlated with stress disorders later in life.

b. Justin is at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder if faced with a trauma later in life.

c. Justin is at decreased risk for development of any stress disorder.

d. Justin is at decreased risk for a stress disorder but at higher risk for an anxiety disorder.

a

The hypothalamus activates which two body systems?

a. Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

b. Circulatory system and digestive system

c. Central nervous system and muscular system

d. Respiratory system and exocrine system

d

A local psychologist accompanies APA and Red Cross personnel to help firefighters deal with the stress they experience shortly after a disastrous fire. The psychologist interacts with victims to let them know that their reactions are normal and to offer stress management tips. The psychologist is providing:

a. resilience training.

b. prolonged exposure.

c. state-dependent learning.

d. critical incident stress debriefing.

emotional

Dread and horror are part of the _____ responses to stress.

physical

mental

emotional

cognitive

resilience

Samantha adapts well and copes effectively after a hurricane devastates her home. She can be said to be demonstrating:

exposure.

certaint.

desensitization.

resilience.

repression

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by the defense mechanism of:

projection.

repression.

ritual and undoing.

compensation.

d

If a victim of rape is treated with dignity and respect by the criminal justice system, what does research suggest is a likely outcome?

a. The victim will be more likely to press charges against the attacker.

b. The victim will have a greater chance of developing a stress-related illness.

c. The victim will be less likely to press charges because he or she will decide to simply “move on.”

d. The victim will have a greater chance of recovering more successfully.

c

When the adrenal cortex is stimulated, _____ are released.

a. serotonin and dopamine

b. glucose and glutamate

c. adrenocorticotropic hormones and corticosteroids

d. epinephrine and norepinephrine

d

Panic disorder tends to develop in

a. early adulthood

b. early adolescence

c. middle to late adulthood

d. late adolescence or early adulthood

c

Meyer’s technique, which involves instructing clients not to perform their compulsive behavior, is called:

a. systematic desensitization

b. neutralizing

c. exposure and response prevention

d. social skills training

b

The cognitive-behavioral perspective of panic disorder suggests that individuals with this condition:

a. have a genetic predisposition to developing paranoia

b. may be overly sensitive to bodily sensation and misinterpret them

c. are neurotic

d. lack ego strength

a

Which has DSM-5 NOT categorized as an obsessive-compulsive related disorder?

a. somatic symptom disorder

b. excoriation disorder

c. body dysmorphic disorder

d. hoarding disorder

a

Which qualifiers are used to describe a person’s social anxiety disorder?

a. narrow or broad

b. acquired or lifelong

c. situational or generalized

d. explicit or implicit

c

According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder is likely to:

a. have experienced a traumatic event as a young child

b. have low standards of morality

c. believe that negative thoughts are equivalent to negative actions

d. believe that a higher power is in control of his or her thoughts

c

It would be unusual for obsessive-compulsive disorder to develop in a(n):

a. school-age child

b. adolescent

c. middle-aged adult

d. young adult

b

Which type of drugs has been most helpful in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder?

a. benzodiazepines

b. antidepressants that affect the serotonin system

c. antidepressants that affect the norepinephrine system

d. antipsychotics

b

Fear of venturing into public places is known as:

a. acrophobia

b. agoraphobia

c. ophidiophobia

d. kenophobia

b

Which disorder appears to have the same prevalence in women and in men?

a. specific phobia

b. obsessive-compulsive disorder

c. social anxiety

d. panic disorder

b

By what mechanisms do tricyclics relieve unipolar depression?

a. they inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

b. they slow the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine in neural synapses

c. they restrict the ability of cortisol to interfere with neurotransmitter activity

d. they improve connectivity between neurons by increasing production of glutamate

two

Women are at least ____ times as likely as men to have episodes of severe unipolar depression

two

three

four

five

b

Which is a therapy format in which the therapist works with 2 people who share a long-term relationship?

a. interpersonal psychotherapy

b. couple therapy

c. cognitive-behavioral therapy

d. behavioral activation therapy

4

If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a 1 year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling.

4

6

8

12

a

The life stress theory designates all of the following as playing a role in the development of depression in women EXCEPT:

a. giving birth to children

b. facing more poverty than men do

c. commonly having more menial jobs than men do

d. facing more discrimination than men do

80

According to a survey by NAMI, more than ____ percent of Americans believe that depression is a serious condition that requires treatment.

30

45

65

80

b

Research shows that clients who receive adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder are ____ to continue taking their medications.

a. less likely

b. twice as likely

c. three times as likely

d. almost 5 times as likely

a

__________________ is the perception that one has no control over the reinforcements in his or her life.

a. learned helplessness

b. attributions

c. learned hopelessness

c. self-blame

c

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode include all of the following symptoms of depression EXCEPT:

a. thoughts of suicide and/or a suicide plan

b. daily insomnia or hypersomnia

c. hyperfocus on a singular activity

d. daily agitation or decrease in motor activity

a

Compared with fraternal twins or other siblings, identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder are _____ likely to develop bipolar disorder.

a. significantly more

b. somewhat more

c. significantly less

d. somewhat less

b

Individuals who clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide (and fail to do so), only to experience confusion in the very next hour or day, might be classified as:

death inviters.

death seekers.

death egoists.

death initiators.

c

Autopsies reveal that about _____ percent of people who attempt suicide are legally intoxicated. The likelihood of completing suicide is _____ times greater among those who engage in extended drug use.

75; 9

20; 5

25; 7

30; 3

d

Which statement about suicide is TRUE?

Suicide is classified as a mental disorder by DSM-5.

Many apparent suicides are probably accidents.

Estimates of suicides are probably high.

Many apparent accidents are probably suicides.

a

Researchers who study suicide may interview the friends and family of someone who committed suicide, with the intention of better understanding the person's past. These researchers are conducting a(n):

retrospective analysis.

pseudoexperimental study.

archival analysis.

retrograde life detail inspection (RLDI).

a

According to Shneidman, _____, or a feeling of intolerable psychological pain, is an underlying key to suicide.

psychache

paresthesia

anomie

Thanatos

a

According to Freud, which forces lead a person to attempt or commit suicide?

a. A real or symbolic loss leads to a defense mechanism called introjection, which in turn leads to suicide as an extreme expression of internalized anger and self-hatred.

b. An inability to adequately overcome the Oedipus or Electra complex leads to a longing for an end to life that results in suicidal behaviors.

Fixation at the oral stage leads to behaviors that are overly expressive; thus suicide is the ultimate in “expressive” behaviors.

Death is seen as a way of getting in touch with one's own unconscious, so it is viewed by the victim as a desirable behavior.

_____ times as many women attempt suicide as men, yet men succeed at more than _____ times the rate of women.

Two; three

Three; three

Four; three

Three; four

c

Which is NOT a reason why teenagers may attempt suicide?

a. Clinical depression

b. Low self-esteem

c. Changes in hormones

d. Feeling hopeless

c

According to research, which type of therapy is particularly helpful in treating people who have recently attempted suicide?

drug therapy

psychodynamic therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy

family therapy

c

Members of the Heaven's Gate religious cult committed suicide to “ascend” to another level beyond human existence. According to Shneidman, these individuals were:

death seekers.

death initiators.

death ignorers.

death darers.

a

Which group of Americans has the highest overall rate of suicide?

Group of answer choices

American Indians

Asian Americans

African Americans

White Americans

b

Dr. Alberto focuses on social relationships and connections with other people in understanding the suicide of an individual. Dr. Alberto seems to accept a _____ position.

Group of answer choices

psychoanalytic

sociocultural

biological

cognitive-behavioral

d

A school has a formal policy in place on how to respond in the event that a student commits suicide. This includes having a faculty member adhere to the deceased student's schedule to monitor peer reactions, answer questions, and arrange for counseling as needed. This is an example of:

Group of answer choices

response interruption.

contagion maintenance.

interception.

postvention.

d

Which is NOT a reason suggested for the high number of suicide attempts among teenagers?

Group of answer choices

Increased competition for jobs and college positions

Weakening ties to the family

Easy access to alcohol and drugs

Increase in cases of serious illness

c

Compared with other teenagers, LGBTQ+ teenagers are _____ to have suicidal thoughts and to attempt suicide.

Group of answer choices

50% more likely

twice as likely

three times as likely

four times as likely

c

Studies indicate that as many as _____ percent of the people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. Autopsies reveal that about _____ percent of these people are legally intoxicated.

Group of answer choices

95; 75

15; 20

70; 25

3; 30

c

Compared with married or cohabitating couples, never-married individuals have a _____ suicide rate.

Group of answer choices

lower

roughly equal

higher

nonexistent

d

People who experience mixed feelings about their desire to kill themselves are known as:

Group of answer choices

death seekers.

death initiators.

death ignorers.

death darers.

fear

central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being, state of immediate alarm

anxiety

central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger, complex blend of emotions that is more future-oriented and more diffuse than fear

phobia

persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation

specific phobia

persistent fear of a specific object or situation

social anxiety disorder

severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which they may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embarrassment

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Feature at least 4 of the following symptoms: Heart palpitations, Tingling in the hands of feet, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Hot and cold flashes, Trembling, Chest pains, Choking sensations, Faintness, Dizziness, Feeling of unreality

obsessions

persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

compulsions

repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder

• a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities

• free-floating anxiety

• reduced quality of life

GAD

Checklist for ______

1. For 6 months or more, person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters

2. The symptoms include at least 3 of the following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems

3. Significant distress or impairment

GAD statistics

most common mental disorders in the US

affects 4% of the US population

2:1 ratio of women to men

43% receive treatment

psychodynamic therapies for GAD

free association, therapist interpretation of transference, resistance, and dreams to reduce fear of id impulses and control

sociocultural perspective of GAD

this disorder is most likely to develop in people faced w dangerous ongoing social conditions or highly threatened environments

specific phobia stats

yearly symptoms exist in 9% of all US people

13% of people experience symptoms during their lifetime

women outnumber men 2:1

at most, 32% seek treatment

specific phobia

Checklist for ___________

1. Marked by persistent and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation; usually lasting at least 6 months

2. Exposure to the object produces immediate fear

3. Avoidance of the feared situtaion

4. Significant distress or impairment

agoraphobia stats

yearly symptoms exist in around 1% of US population

1.3% of people experience symptoms during lifetime

around 46% seek treatment

agoraphobia

Checklist for __________

1. Pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated fear about being in at least 2 delineated situations

2. Avoidance of the agoraphobic situations

3. Symptoms usually continue for at least 6 months

4. Significant distress or impairment

social anxiety

Checklist for _____________

1. Pronounced, disproportionate and repeated anxiety ab social situation(s) in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others; typically lasting 6 months or more

2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others

3. Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety

4. Significant distress or impairment

social anxiety stats

yearly symptoms exist in 7% of US population

Around 12% of people experience symptoms during their lifetime

Non-Hispanic white Americans are more likely than African, Hispanic, or Asian Americans

Often begins in late childhood or adolescence and into childhood

Around 40% seek treatment

overwhelming social fears (medications, cognitive-behavioral therapy), lack of social skills

treatments for social anxiety disorder address 2 distinct factors:

separation anxiety disorder

individuals with __________ _______ _________ feel extreme anxiety, often panic whenever they are separated from key people in their lives

Freud, ego

________ stated that all children experience some degree of anxiety and use ___ mechanisms to control this

GAD

_______ occurs with high anxiety levels or inadequate defense mechanisms

parent-child

today’s psychodynamic theorists disagree w/some Freudian GAD explanations, but agree GAD can be traced to early ____________ relationships

psychodynamic perspective of GAD

all children experience some degree of anxiety and use ego mechanisms to control this

GAD occurs with high anxiety levels or inadequate defense mechanisms

today’s theorists disagree with some of Freud’s GAD explanations, but agree that GAD can be traced to early parent-child relationships

psychodynamic therapy for GAD

• Free association

• Therapist’s interpretations of transference, resistance, and dreams

humanistic perspective of GAD

GAD arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly

Carl Rogers

guy who thought children who fail to receive unconditional positive regard from others may become overly critical of themselves and develop harsh self-standards, conditions of worth 

threatening self-judgements keep breaking thru and causing them intense anxiety >> GAD

humanistic therapies for GAD

• Client-centered therapy

  • Show unconditional positive regard for clients and empathize with them

  • Not strong support

cognitive-behavioral perspective of GAD

Problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking often cause psychological disorders

initial CB perspective of GAD

• Maladaptive assumptions were initially thought to be the cause

  • Beck - silent assumptions (best to assume the worst)

metacognitive theory

newer CB perspective, people with GAD implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying

intolerance of uncertainty theory

newer CB perspective, certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of occurrence is very small

avoidance theory

newer CB perspective, people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings

rational-emotive therapy

CB therapy to change maladaptive thoughts, therapists point out the irrational assumptions held by clients, suggest more appropriate assumptions, and assign homework that gives the client practice at challenging old assumptions and applying new ones

breaking down worrying

CB therapy, Educating the client about the role of worrying in their disorder, Have the client observe their bodily arousal and cognitive responses across various life situations, Clients become to appreciate the triggers of their worrying, their misconceptions about worrying, and their misguided efforts to control their lives by worrying, Clients should see the world as less threatening

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

CB therapy, Therapists help clients to become aware of their stream of thoughts, including their worries, as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind

biological perspective of GAD

• GAD is caused by biological factors, supported by family pedigree studies in which researchers determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder

• Fear circuit hyperactivity in brain may be tied to development of GAD

• Benzodiazepines provide relief for anxiety, therefore it was found that benzodiazepine receptors receive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is a neurotransmitter that is inhibitory

early 1950s biological therapy

sedative-hypnotic drugs

late 1950s biological therapy

benzodiazepines

Problems - effects are short lived, dependency, lead to other unwanted effects, can mix poorly with other substances

behavioral-evolutionary explanation

Some specific phobias are much more common than others, we have a predisposition to those due to preparedness passed down from an evolutionary process

exposure treatment

actual contact with the feared object or situation is key to success in

in vivo desensitization

actual confrontation with object, part of systematic desensitization

overt desensitization

imagined confrontation, part of systematic desensitization

Flooding

clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

Modeling

therapist confronts the feared object/situation while the fearful person observes

CB perspective of social anxety

• Interplay of both cognitive and behavioral factors, individuals hold a group of dysfunctional beliefs and expectations regarding the social realm

• People anticipate that social disasters will occur

• People use avoidance

CB therapies for social anxiety

• Overwhelming social fears through benzodiazepines or antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy (exposure therapy and systematic discussions where clients are to reexamine and challenge maladaptive beliefs and expectations)

• Lack of social skills addressed through social skills training (modeling, role playing, praise)

CB therapies for agoraphobia

• Cognitive-behavioral therapists use a form of exposure therapy

• Support groups and home-based self-help programs

panic disorder stats

• 3% of US population experience this disorder yearly

• More than 5% of people experience symptoms during their lifetime

• Often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood

• Non-Hispanic white Americans more likely to experience than US racial-ethnic minority groups

• 59% seek treatment

• May be accompanied by agoraphobia

panic disorder

Checklist for ______

1. Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly

2. One or more of the attacks precede either of the following symptoms: At least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks, At least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks (ex. Avoiding new experiences)