L1: HEMA

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209 Terms

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17th century
in what century did the study of blood start?
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Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
who spearheaded the study of blood using primitive microscopes?
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haima
means blood
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logos
means study or science
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liquid and formed elements (solid)
Blood consists of two main parts
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liquid portion
what portion of the blood includes the plasma/serum
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Plasma
Portion of anticoagulated blood
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Serum
Portion of coagulated blood
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Plasma
what liquid portion of the blood is used in hematology
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formed elements or solid portion
what portion of the blood includes the WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
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Specimen collection and preparation for examination; Quantitative manual and instrumental measurements of cells; Measurements of cell volumes; Evaluation of cellular contents and components; Cellular identification (morphologic, cytochemical markers, cell surface markers); Identification of reactive or neoplastic alterations in cell populations; Evaluation of leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet function; Evaluation of cellular development and formation (bone marrow); Evaluation of hemostatic function
Primary Services Offered by the Hematology and Hemostasis Laboratory
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Reactive and neoplastic
Two major alteration/changes in a cell
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Reactive
Normal changes that cell undergoes
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neoplastic
Pathologic/Abnormal changes that cell undergoes
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False
T/F: Medical technologist perform bone marrow content
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Hemostasis
Term that describes the stoppage of blood flow
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Cytochemical markers
what markers are used for identifying white blood cells and/or malignant cells
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Color and degree of pallor
what is being evaluated with RBCs
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Hematology
It encompasses analyses of the concentration, structure, and function of cells in blood; their precursors in the bone marrow; chemical constituents of plasma or serum; function of platelets and proteins involved in blood coagulation
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54%
percentage of Plasma in the blood
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1%
percentage of WBC & Platelets in the blood
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45%
percentage of RBCs in the blood
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Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, and Band Neutrophil
Types of WBCs found in the blod
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megakaryocyte
Platelets came from what cell?
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Hemoglobin
What protein carries/bind to oxygen in the blood
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Iron in ferrous state (Fe2+)
What iron is found within Hgb?
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Supply of O2, nutrients, removal of waste, immunological functions, Coagulation, messenger functions, regulation of body pH and core body temp
Functions of Blood
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lactic acid, urea, and CO2
What type of wastes does blood carry?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
Cellular components of blood
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platelets
cells that majorly participate in coagulation
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7.35 - 7.45
pH of blood
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Anucleate biconcave cells filled with hemoglobin
Morphological description of rbcs
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1000x light microscope
RBCs are analyzed by what type of microscope
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1000 oil immersion
when checking for RBCs' contents what type of magnification do we use?
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Romanowsky stain (Wright stain or Wright-Giemsa stain)
RBCs are stained with a polychromatic dye called?
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because it stains both the basic and acidic component of blood
why is Romanowsky stain a polychromatic stain
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pink to red; salmon pink
color of RBCs
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6 to 8 µm
size of RBCs
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zone of pallor
distinct feature of RBCs in the center area
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1/3
how much of the RBCs does the zone of pallor cover?
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biconcavity of RBCs
zone of pallor reflects what?
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Anemia
means loss of oxygen-carrying capacity and is often reflected in a reduced RBC count
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Polycythemia
means an increased RBC count related to increased body RBC mass, a condition that leads to hyperviscosity
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Hyperviscosity and High blood pressure
Polycythemia can lead to? (2)
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erythrocytosis
Little increase of RBC count in the blood is called
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0.85% normal saline
Diluent used for RBCs
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1:200 dilution
dilution ratio for RBCs
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Thoma pipette
Special pipette used for dilution of RBCs
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Unopette
counterpart of Thoma pipette
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Reticulocytes
These are immature RBCs that get circulated in the peripheral blood
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blue-gray
color of reticulocyte
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because it still contains RNA (acidic) and hemoglobin, combined with Wright Stain (blue) resulting to blue gray color
Why do reticulocytes exhibit a blue-gray color?
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Basic
pH of Hemoglobin: Basic or Acidic?
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because hemoglobin is basic and attracts acidic dye (orange/reddish) which results to a pinkish salmon color
Why do mature cells exhibit a salmon pink color
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True
T/F: An immature cell is larger than its mature counterpart
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False
T/F: An mature cell is larger than its immature counterpart
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Polychromatophilic erythrocytes
Other term for reticulocytes; this name was bestowed due to color differences from mature RBCs
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bone marrow regeneration during blood loss or anemia (retic count)
What do reticulocytes indicate?
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nucleic acid stains or vital stains
Reticulocytes have special stains called
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Because cells are stained alive
Why is vital stains called vital?
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Methanol
What fixative of the Wright Stain that kills RBCs?
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White blood cells
These are not really blood cells; they are loosely related to a category of cells dedicated to protecting the host from infection and injury
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Tissue cells
WBCs are not actually blood cells because they are ?
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microscope, hemtocytometer, and Thoma pipette or Unopette
WBCs are visually counted using ? (3)
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hemacytometer
a special slide used for counting WBCs thicker than the normal glass slide
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1:20
Dilution ratio of WBCs
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dilute acetic acid
Diluent of WBCs includes ? to lyse RBCs
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Decreased WBC count
Decreased WBC count
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Leukocytosis
Increased WBC count
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils; Band neutrophils; Eosinophils; Basophils; Lymphocytes
TYPES OF WBCs
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
These are phagocytic cells whose sole purpose is to engulf and destroy bacteria that are labelled as harmful by the immune system
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3-6
segment count of PMNs
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Threadlike filament
PMNs has a ? that separates the lobes
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Band neutrophils (BANDS)
Part of the PMN family; they are less differentiated or less "mature" than PMNs
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bacterial infection
Band neutrophiles indicate an increase in what?
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left shift
the Increase of BANDS that signals bacterial infection is called ?
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pink with bactericidal secretions
Cytoplasm of PMNs and BANDS contain what colored granules?
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Because of the color pink that signifies neutral staining
Why are neutrophils called neutrophils?
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BANDS has only 1 nucleus with no segments or threadlike filaments
difference of BANDS with PMNs in terms of morphology
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Eosinophils
These are Cells with bright-orange, regular granules filled with antihistamine
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allergy or parasitic infection
An increase in Eosinophils indicates a response to what?
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because it attracts the eosin dye in the Wright stain
Why is it called Eosinophil?
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bright orange
Color of Eosin stain
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Eosinophilia
elevated count of eosinophils are called?
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Basophils
These are cells with dark-purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus
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Because it attracts the basic stain of Wright stain which is Methylene Blue
Why is it called basophils?
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Bluish-purple/dark purple
color of the granules of basophils
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Basophilia
Elevated count of basophils is called?
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hematologic disease like leukemia
Increase in basophils is rare and often signals what?
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BASOs
the fewest type of WBCs
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Granulocytes
PMNs, BANDs, EOs, and BASOs are collectively called as ?
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Phagocytes
WBCs with granules can engulf microorganisms, thus granulocytes are also called ?
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because of prominent cytoplasmic granules
why are PMNs, BANDs, EOs, and BASOs called granulocytes?
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True
T/F: The distribution of Eos and BASOs in blood is so small compared with PMNs that the terms eosinopenia and basopenia are theoretical and unused
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False
T/F: The distribution of Eos and PMNs in blood is so small compared with BASOs that the term eosinopenia are theoretical and unused
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Lymphocytes
A complex system of cells that provide for host immunity, major defender against foreign invaders; Most are nearly round, slightly larger than RBCs, with round featureless nuclei and a thin rim of nongranular cytoplasm.
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Adaptive (specific) immunity
what type of immunity do lymphocytes play a major role
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T, B, Natural Killer cells
Major types of Lymphocytes
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Thymus
T lymphocytes mature in which part of the body?
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Bone marrow
B lymphocytes mature in which part of the body?