bio 117 wvu exam 2

3 Domains of Life?

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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What features do all cells have in common?

Ribosomes

DNA

RNA

Protein

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

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Characteristics of Bacteria

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\-No Nuclear Envelope

\-Circular chromosome shape

\-No DNA w/ histones

\-Simple organelles

\-Cell membrane made of fatty acids

\-Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

\-Gene exchange through transduction, transformation, and conjugation

\-Simple RNA polymerase

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Characteristics of Archaea

\-No Nuclear Envelope

\-Circular Chromosomes

\-DNA w/ histones

\-No organelles

\-Non-fatty acid cell membrane

\-Cell wall not made of peptidoglycan

\-Gene exchange through transduction, transformation, and conjugation

\-Complex RNA polymerase

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Characteristics of Eukarya

\-Has a nuclear envelope

\-Linear chromosome shape

\-DNA with histones

\-Complex organelles

\-fatty acid cell membrane

\-non peptidoglycan cell wall

\-Gene exchange through sexual reproduction/fusion of gametes

\-Several complex RNA polymerase

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ways antibiotics work

\-prevent bacteria cells from multiplying

\-cause cell wall to disintegrate

\-effect metabolic pathways

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three bacterial shapes

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirilla

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three bacterial cell arrangements

Diplo-

Strepto-

Staphylo-

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gram + cell walls

have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

retain violet dye making them purple

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gram - walls

ave a thin layer of peptidoglycan

do not retain violet dye making so they are red/pink

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three ways bacteria swap DNA

Transformation

Conjugation

Transduction

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transformation

when DNA is taken from the environment and used

conjugation

DNA transferred by direct cell to cell contact

transduction

when viruses help pass genetic information from one prokaryotic cell to another

autotrophs

make their own food from CO2

heterotrophs

rely on other organisms for food

phototrophs

make food from light

chemotrophs

get food from organic molecules

Ferroplasma acidophilum is an organism in domain archaea whose energy is derived from light-independent chemical reactions via the metabolism of iron substrates from acid mine drainage and whose carbon is obtained from organic compounds other than carbon dioxide.

This organism is most likely classified as a _________?

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chemoheterotroph

protists

* eukaryotic organisms that dont meet the criteria to be classified into another eukaryotic kingdoms (animals, fungi, plants)
* form paraphyletic group
* are generally aquatic

monophyletic group

an ancestor and all of its descendants

* has homology

polyphyletic group

group that excludes its most recent common ancestor

* have homoplasy

paraphyletic groups

an ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

endosymbiosis theory

explains origin of mitochondria and chloroplast

similarities in mitochondria/chloroplasts and prokaryotic bacteria (support for endosymbiosis theory)

* size and shape
* divide by binary fission
* host cell cannot generate more
* possesses own circular DNA

mitochondria originated from

free living aerobic bacteria

chloroplasts originated from

free living photosynthetic protists (cyanobacteria)

biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before chloroplasts partly because....

all eukaryotes have mitochondria but not all have chloroplasts

rise of photosynthesis

arose from protists by via primary endosymbiosis and then spread among lineages via secondary endosmbiosis

protists:

* classified by what organism they most resemble
* OR by common evolutionary lineage (monophyletic groups)
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protists: AMOEBOZOA

* lacks cell wall
* portion of cell extends outward for movement and engulfing food

protists: OPOSTHOKONTA

* have single flagellum
* cristae are flat rather than tubed

protists: PLANTAE

* have chloroplasts
* cell walls contain chitin
* stores carbs via glycogen
* are heterotrophic
* produces spores
* more closely related to animals than plants

symbiotic relationships

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

mutualism

both organisms benefit

commensalism

where one organism benefits and other is not harmed

parasitism

where one organism benefits and causes harm to other

types of fungal morphology

yeast, mycelia

yeast

single celled

mycelia

multicellular with web like bodies

multicellular fungi morphology

* filaments called hyphae form larger filaments called mycelium
* hyphae produces spores
* some mycelium can form fruiting bodies that produce spores sexually

all multicellular fungi produce ___ but not all multicellular fungi form ___

* spores
* fruiting bodies

ALL fungi are:

heterotrophic

classification of fungi

* based on reproductive structures
* DNA sequences

ANIMALS

* multicellular
* heterotrophic (internal digestion)
* extracellular matrix
* store carbs as glycogen
* have motility (move under own power at some point in life)
* cells have nuclei
* cells lack cell walls
* embryos

tool kit genes

set of genes that establish the body plan during development

embryogenesis

process by which embryo forms and develops

do all animals reproduce sexually and undergo metamorphosis?

NO

gastrulation

coordianated movement of cells from the outside to the inside of the embryo to form germ layers that give rise to tissues

protostome

mouth forms first

deuterostome

mouth forms second

diploblast

2 germ layers

triploblast

3 germ layers

ectoderm

form skin and nervous system

mesoderm

forms circulatory system, muscles, and most organs

endoderm

forms digestive tract lining

radial symmetry

body parts aligned around center axis

bilateral symmetry

can be cut in half and have mirror image

coelom

fluid filled body cavity where neutrients circulate and organs move freely

coelomates

have an enclosed body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

pseudocoelomates

have an enclosed cavity partially lined with mesoderm

acoelomates

have no enclosed body cavity

segmentation

division of body parts into series of similar structures

cephalization

evolution of a head where structures for feeding, sensing the environment, and processing info are concentrated

animal embryos share early developmental stages:

fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogensis

echinooderms: fast block

egg membrane depolarization

echinoderms: fast block

raising of fertilization envelope by release of Ca+ which triggers release of cortical granules

mammals: fast block

not present

mammals: slow block

inactivation of receptor proteins by releasing cortical granules that binds to sperm

cell proliferation

* cell growth and division
* only happens where mitosis occurs

cell differentiation

* becoming more specialized through gene expressions

PLANTS

* multicellular'
* cell walls made of cellulose
* chlorophylls a + b
* autotrophic
* store carbs via starch
* produce spores
* have embryos
* monophyletic

most recent common ancestor of plants

green algae

plant groups:

* nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
* seedless vascular plants
* seeded plants (gymnosperms)
* flowering plants (angiosperms)

nonvascular (bryophytes)

* low growth form
* water conducting cells
* flagellated sperm

known for

* fixing nitrogen
* prevalence in moist habitats

bryophyte adaptions to dry land:

cuticle and evolution of complex gametangia

waxy cuticle

waxy layer that prevents water loss

complex gametangia:

* antheridia and archegonia
* allowed reproduction without water and are gender specific

antheridia

where sperm forms

archegonia

where egg forms

seedless vascular plants

characteristics:

* vascular tissue, larger than bryophytes, flagellated sperm

major groups:

* ferns, horse tails, lycopods

known for:

* food
* domination during caboniferous period

adaptation:

* specialized water conducting cells
* roots

reproduction:

* shortened haploid gametophyte phase
* dominant diploid sporophyte phase

seedless vascular: specialized water conducting cells

helps with movement of water and allows plant to have the structural strength to fight gravity

roots

in damp places that help anchor plant in place

stomata

responsible for plant gas exchange

spore

* haploid cell that divides mitotically and grows into new organism
* help gametophytes from drying out
* allowed plants to be dispersed into new habitats

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gametophytes

* haploid
* grow from spores
* produce gametes
* mitosis

sporophyte

* diploid
* grow from zygotes/gametes
* produce spores
* meiosis

in plants spores are created through:

meiosis

gymnosperms

characteristics:

* pollen
* seeds
* wood
* specialized needlelike leaves

major groups

* pines
* cycads
* ginkgos

adaptations

* wood
* leaves
* heterospory
* pollen is microgametophyte
* seeds

known for

* immense size
* extreme age

wood

gives sturdy protection and allows plants to grow taller and allow for travel of water/nutrients to leaves

needlelike leaves

modified to develop seeds that can be carried to wider range

seeds

* give embryo nourishment, dispersal, dominant phase
* germinate when conditions are favorable
* moisture/light/fire can break seed dormancy

angiosperms

characteristics

* fruits
* seeds
* broad leaves
* increased diveristy

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“perfect” flowers

have both a carpel and a stamen

non perfect flowers

have separate male and female flowers, whether on the same or different plants

what attracts pollinators to plant?

shape, scent, color

inconspicuous flowers

pollinated from wind

methods of fruit seed dispersal

* animals eat them
* animals transport them
* wind carries them

broad leaves:

capture more sunlight but lack physical defense against predators

carniverous plants

in low nitrogen environments, have digestive enzymes