History of Architecture III Final

What is Neoclassicism?

A reinterpretation of the principles of Classical architecture in the late 18th and the 19th century.

What is this?

The Brandenburg Gate

What is this?

La Madeleine Church

What is this?

Clarendon Building

What is this?

US Capitol

William Thornton

What did Piranesi do?

Prints and paintings.

What were the social and technical context of neoclassicism?

The French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution

How did the French Revolution impact architecture?

It encouraged a universal approach to architecture which was designed to be accessible to all people.

What did the Ecole de Polytechnique teach?

Engineering.

What is this?

The Pantheon in Paris

What was Durand’s architectural formula?

Economy, Simplicity, and Convenience.

Who idealized this?

Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand

What is this?

The Infomart

Dallas, TX

What is this?

Somerset House

Sir William Chambers

What is this?

Kedleston Hall

Robert Adam

What is this?

Charlotte Square

Robert Adam

What is this?

The Bank of England

Sir John Soane

What makes the Bank of England (and Soane’s work) monumental?

It made use of vaulting, and shaped the physical space.

What is this?

The Soane House

Sir John Soane

What did William Wilkins do?

He designed the first pure Greek Doric portico for any English country house.

What is this?

St. George’s Hospital, Hyde Park Corner

William Wilkins

What is this?

The National Gallery

William Wilkins

What is this?

The British Museum

Sir Robert Smirke

What were young British architects focused on during Neoclassicism?

They concentrated their work more on reproducing correct classical forms rather than on achieving original spatial awareness.

What is vernacular architecture?

An architectural style based on the local needs, availability of construction materials, and the reflecting local traditions.

What is this?

Massachusets State House Building

Charles Bulfinch

Who was the ‘Surveyor of Public Buildings’?

Benjamin Henry Latrobe

What is this?

Bank of Pennsylvania

Benjamin Latrobe

What is this?

State Capitol of Virginia

Thomas Jefferson

What is this?

University of Virginia Rotunda

Thomas Jefferson

Who made the plan for DC?

Pierre Charles L’Enfant

What is this?

US Department of Treasury Building

Robert Mills

What was the drive behind the Gothic Revival?

Intellectuals used it as a push against the Machine Age

What are some characteristics of Gothic Revivalism?

* Pointed arches and/or windows
* Irregular appearance
* Vertical emphasis
* Variety of materials
* Rich colors and extensive decoration
* Dominant towers

Humanism

is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion.

What nation embraced the Gothic style?

Germany, as a resistance to Neoclassical style after defeating Napoleon.

What did Pugin believe?

He believed in the moral superiority of society that built the pre-Reformation medieval churches, and that only men of good moral character could design good works of art.

What is this?

The Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of Saint Chad

Augustus Pugin

What is this?

The Palace of Westminster

Sir Charles Berry

What is this?

The Reform Club

Sir Charles Berry

What is this?

All Saints’ Church

Sir Charles Berry

What is this?

Sir Charles Berry

What is this?

Prince Albert Memorial

Sir George Gilbert Scott

What is this?

All Saints Margaret Street Church

William Butterfield

What is this?

Chapel of Balliol College

William Butterfield

What is this?

Keble College

William Butterfield

What were Ruskin’s Seven Lamps of Architecture?

1. Sacrifice
2. Truth
3. Power
4. Beauty
5. Life
6. Memory
7. Obedience

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

It was an island country that was physically separated from the wars on the continent, and it had many rivers to transport goods before the age of the railroad

What was Viollet-le-Duc’s focus?

He focused on the structural integrity of medieval buildings as an inspiration for modern architects of the industrial age

What is this?

Halle aux bles

Belanger

What is this?

The Passage du Caire

Belanger

What is this?

Galerie Vivienne

Delannoy

What is this?

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II

Guiseppe Mengoni

What is this?

The Palm House

Guiseppe Mengoni

What is this?

The Arcades of Campo Santo

Guiseppe Mengoni

What is this?

The Palm House at Kew Gardens

Burton and Turner

What is this?

Garabit Viaduct Railway Arch Bridge

Gustave Eiffel

What is this?

Maria Pia Railway Bridge

Gustave Eiffel

What was the total floor area of the Crystal Palace?

990,000 square feet

What is this?

King’s Cross Station

Lewis Cubitt

What is this?

Saint Pancras Station Hotel

Barlow and Scott

What is this?

Clifton Suspension Bridge

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

What is this?

Royal Albert Bridge

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

What is this?

Roebling Bridge

Cincinnati, OH

Roebling

What are characteristics of the Second Empire Style?

* Mansard roof
* Patterned shingle roof
* Iron roof crest
* Decorative window surrounds and dormers
* Eaves with brackets
* A tower
* Quoins
* Balustrades

What is this?

Reichstag Building

What is this?

Reichstag dome

What is this?

Elysee Palace (Official residence of the President of France)

What is this?

Montreal City Hall

Who is responsible for the renewal of Paris?

Haussmann

How wide is Avenue Foch?

140 meters (459 feet)

What is this?

Cirque d’hiver (The Winter Circus)

Jacques Hittorff

What is this?

Fontaine Louvois

Visconti

What is this?

Fontaine Moliere

Visconti

What did the Ecole des Beaux-Arts teach?

Architecture and art

Who designed this?

Charles Garnier

What did Olmsted do?

Central Park and the gardens of the Biltmore Estate

What is this?

Villard Houses

McKim, Mead, and White

What is this?

Pennsylvania Station

McKim, Mead, and White

What is this?

Charles J Osborn Residence

McKim, Mead, and White

What is this?

Grand Central Terminal

What did Richard Morris Hunt advocate for?

The improved status of architects, arguing that they should be treated and paid as legitimate and respected professionals, like doctors and lawyers

What is this?

The MET

Richard Morris Hunt

What is this?

The Breakers Residence

Richard Morris Hunt

Who designed this?

Richard Morris Hunt

What is this?

Administration Building World’s Columbian Exposition

Richard Morris Hunt

What is this?

Home Insurance Company Building

Jenney

What is this?

Manhattan Building

Jenney

First 16 story structure in the world, and first in which wind bracing was a principal aspect of the design

What is this?

Second Leiter Building

Jenney

What is this?

Reliance Building

Burnham and Root

Who says ‘form follows function’?

Louis Sullivan

What were wide Chicago windows for?

Retail

What is this?

Dumbbell Tenements

James Ware

What does eclectic mean?

To derive ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources

What are characteristics of the Beaux-Arts style?

* Flat or low-pitched roofs
* Wall surfaces with decorative garlands, floral patterns, or shields
* Symmetrical façade
* First story rustication of stonework
* Grand and imposing in size and scale
* Pedimented or arched windows
* Columns on porches and porticos
* Quoins

What is this?

Union Station

DC

Daniel Burnham

What is this?

Union Station

Kansas City, MO

Jarvis Hunt

What is this?

Hamilton County Memorial Building

Cincinnati, OH

What is this?

Buenos Aires House of Culture

What is the atelier system?

It is studio