Anatomy Lecture Unit 4

digestive sytem, urinary system

retroperitoneal

behind peritoneal cavity

covered by peritoneum only on their anterior surface

* kidneys and ureters, adrenal gland, part of pancreas, \n esophagus, duodenum, ascending and descending \n colon, rectum, aorta, inferior vena cava

acites

a condition where fluid collects in abdomen

* it can affect lungs kidneys and other organs

bolus

what food is reduced to during chewing

* soft, flexible

chyme

formed by mixing waves that mixes bolus with secretions from gastric glands

gastric emptying

when mixing waves force about 3mL of chyme into duedenum through pyloric sphincter

emulsification

break down of large lipids into smaller ones

* bile salts like sodium and potassium play a role in this

segmentations

* contractions in portions of small intestine
* mix chyme with digestive juices
* bring food into contact with mucosa

migrating motility complex

* form of peristalsis in small intestine
* after most of meal has been absorbed
* begins in duodenum and ends in ileum

parenchyma

tissue that is the functional part of an organ in the body

stroma

The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body; mostly made up of nerves, CT, blood vessels and lymph

glomerular filtrate

fluid that enters bowmans space

glomerular filtration rate

amount of filtrate passing through kidneys each minute

reabsorption

* 99% of water and most solutes returning to blood
* epithelial cells along renal tubules and collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule

how are most solutes reabsorbed

by passive and active processes

secretion

transfer of materials from blood and tubule cells into kidney tubules

* H+, K+, NH4+, creatine and drugs
* things get from blood to urine making them detectable

filtration

1) blood plasma filtered in through glomerulus \n into Bowman’s space \n 2) fluid passes into renal tubules (3 sections) \n – proximal convoluted tubule \n – loops of Henle: descending and ascending loops \n – distal convoluted tubule \n 3) fluid leaves distal convoluted tubule and \n empties into collecting duct

urinalysis

things get from blood to urine making them detectable

thirst center

area in hypothalamus that controls urge to to drink

what is the enteric nervous system

100 million neurons that extend from esophogus to anus

what makes up the enteric nervous system (type of neurons)

motor neurons, sensory neurons and interneurons

what receptors make up the enteric nervous sytem

chemical and strech receptors

what is the peritoneum

large serous membrane (serosa)

Parietal peritoneum

lines walls of abdonimopelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum

covers some of the organs

peritoneal cavity

space between parietal and visceral cavity that contains lubricating fluid

what is it called when fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity

ascites

What are the five major folds of the peritoneum

greater omentum

lesser omentum

mesentary

mesocolon

falciform ligament

greator omentum

largest of the fold

* drapes over transverse colon and coils of small intestine
* adipose, lymph nodes

lesser omentum

between stomach and liver

* blood vessels entering liver, hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery, common bile duct

mesentary

binds jejunum and ileum to posterior abdominal wall

* adipose, blood vessels, lymph nodes

mesocolon

bind transverse and sigmoid colonto __**posterior**__ abdominal wall

* blood vessels, lymph nodes

falciform ligament

attatches liver to __**anterior**__ abdominal wall and diaphragm

What are the 3 major sailvary glands

Parotid gland

sublingual gland

submandibular gland

where is the parotid salivary gland

inferior and anterior to ears

where is the sublingual salivary gland

underneath the tongue

where is the submandibular salivary gland

floor of the mouth

what is the composition of sailva

99\.5% water

* sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, \n phosphate, urea, uric acid, mucus (pH 6.7 – 7.3)

what enzymes are in the saliva

immunoglobulin A

lysosyme

salivary amylase

What is salivation controlled by

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

If there is salivation what part of the ANS is activated

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

if there is no salivation what part of ANS is activated

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

What type of digestion occurs in the mouth

chemical and mechanical

* food is reduced to bolus

What does salivary amylase do

starts digesting starch and carbs in the mouth

what inactivates salivary amylase

stomach acid

lingual lipase

breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides

when does lingual lipase become activated

in the stomach but some people show activity in the mouth

what are the divisions of the pharynx

nasoparynx

oropharynx

hyopharynx or laryngopharynx

what is the pharynx composed of

skeletal muscle

nasopharynx

functions in respiration

oropharynx

back of throat behind mouth

laryngopharynx

superior to larynx

nasopharynx

what is the pink portion

oropharynx

what is the light blue portion

larygnopharynx

what is the green portion

what is deglutition

movement of food into the stomach

What are the three stages of deglutition

1. voluntary stage
2. pharyngeal stage
3. esophogeal stage

what happens in the voluntary stage of deglutition

__**voluntary**__ passage of bolus into orophaynx

What happens in the pharyngeal stage of deglutition

__**Involuntary**__ passage of bolus into esophagus

* epiglottis closes off trachea

what parts of the brain trigger the soft palate and uvula to move up during pharyngeal stage of deglutition

medulla oblongata and pons

what closes off the trachea in the pharyngeal stage of deglutition

epiglottis

esophageal stage of degluttion

Involuntary passage through esophagus into stomach

* peristalsis

What is peristalsis

contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles

what does the stomach do in digestion

mixing chamber and holding resevoir

* small quantity of material allowed into small intestine

what is digested in the stomach

starch and triglycerieds continue

* protein begins

anatomy of stomach includes?

cardia

fundus

body

pyloric part (pylorus)

What are the folds inside the stomach called

rugae folds

what are the 2 sphincters in the stomach

lower esophageal and pyloric sphincter

What are the curves called?

greater and lesser curvature

lower esophageal sphincter

what is the red

cardia

what is the orange

fundus

what is the yellow

body

what is the pink

pylorus

what is the green

pyloric sphincter

what seperates the blue and green portion

lesser curvature

dark blue arrow

greater curvature

light purple arrow

What are the cells of the gastric glands

mucus neck cells

parietal cells

cheif cells

G cells

what do the mucus neck cells secrete

mucus

what do the parietal cells secrete

intrinsic factor

* H+ and Cl-

what does intrinsic factor do

its a glycoprotiens for absorption of Vit B12

what do cheif cells secrete

pepsinogin

gastric lipase (breakdown lipase)

what does pepsinogen do

converted to pepsin ; protein into peptides

what do G cells secrete

gastrin

* stimulates secretion of HCl and other activitity of GI tract)

What type of movements are the mixing waves in the stomach

perstalic movements

what secretes HCl

* acetylcholine (parasympathetic)
* Gastrin (G cells)
* Histamine (mast cells)

What does HCl do

partially denatures protiens

stimulates secretion of hromones

right PH for digestive enzymes

rate of digestion on stomach

2-4 hours (very little nutrients absorbed)

* carbs = fast
* high proteins= slower
* high fats= slowest

parts of pancreas

head

body

tail

tail

yellow

body

teal

head

purple

what are the small grandular epithelial cells in the pancreas

acini (99%)

pancreatic islets (1%)

are the acini endocrine or exocrine in the pancreas

exocrine portion

are the islets of langerhans endocrine or exocrine in the pancreas

endocrine portion

what does the acini cells in the pnacreas secrete

pancreatic juice

what do the islets of langerhans secrete

glucagon (alpha), insulin (beta) , somatostatin (delta) , and pancreatic peptide (f cells)

What are the 4 lobes of the liver

right

left

caudate

quadrate

left lobe

yellow

right lobe

pink

caudate

blue