NHA microbiology

Microbiology

A branch of biology dealing especially with microscopic forms of life (as bacteria, protozoans, viruses, and fungi).

water molecule

2 hydrogen atoms(+), 1 oxygen atom(-)

human cells have ______ chromosomes

46 chromosomes

structure follows function

the cell is the basic unit of life, _____ follows _____

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nuclear membrane/envelope

Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. Components of cytoplasm are water, proteins, ions, and nutrients

Ribosomes

organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Mitochondrion

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

centriole

structure in an **animal cell** that helps to organize cell division

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that synthesizes carbohydrates and sorts, and packages proteins the ribosomes is supporting.It also has some storage functions prior to preparing some substances for removal from the cells

Peroxisomes

Organelle that contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Flagellum

a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that help move substances through various tracts and paths in the body. Some mucous membranes, such as those in the respiratory tract, have cilia and are used for locomotion

has a flagellum-(a tail like appendage that helps it swim toward egg-cells)

sperm cell

Microorganisms/Microbes

Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye that can cause disease

Bacteria

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission

Small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans.

Rickettsia

bacteria that do not require oxygen to survive

Anaerobic bacteria

antibiotic

a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections

the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic

antibiotic resistance

a strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that has become resistant to the antibacterial action of the antibiotic methicillin, a form of penicillin

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

a strain of enterococcus that cannot be controlled with antibiotics; it is spread through direct and indirect contact

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning. Staphylococcus is a bacterium that belongs to a group(genus)of other staphylococcal bacteria and its species is epidermis

Staphylococcus aureus

Escherichia coli

(E. coli), a gram-negative bacteria that grows within the human large intestine.

One of several common bacteria that can cause nail infection

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells. they are PARASITES

Viruses

antiviral drugs

acyclovir ( herpes) and AZT( HIV) work by resembling nucleotides and blocking DNA synthesis

HIV/AIDS

the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

viral sexually transmitted disease that causes genital warts and other symptoms

microorganism that grows on or in animals and plants. most do not cause disease but patients with weakened immune systems are at greater risk.

fungus

single cell fungi

yeast

multi-cell fungi

spore-producing molds

a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin of the feet, typically between the toes

athlete's foot (tinea pedis)

vaginal yeast infection is caused by which fungus?

An infection caused by the fungus, Candida albicans, in which fungi overpopulate the vagina.

an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis carinii

pneumocystis pneumonia

Protozoa

is a single-celled parasitic and can be seen under a microscope or without a microscope. Protozoa thrive in a damp environments and in bodies of standing water such as ponds and lakes

causes amoebic dysentery, a severe type of diarrhea

Entamoeba histolytica

multicellular parasites

Parasitic microbes that cause infections and infestations

Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice)

Nits that are shed into the environment are capable of hatching for up to 10 days.
Pets do not transmit or carry lice.

bed bugs

small, flat, reddish-brown insects that may live around or near areas where people sleep and that feed on the blood of people and animals

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

Scabies

- Come out of the anus at night to lay their eggs, Shower in the AM and underwear should be changed at this time with the child standing.
- The child doesn't need to stay out of school, good hand hygiene contains the spread of pinworms.
- Pinworm paddle lab test
- Wash bed linens in hot soapy water.

Pinworms

tape test for pinworms

Obtain specimen as soon as the child wakes in the morning by collecting tape from anus
Place in a plastic bag and return it for microscopic examination.
Collect the sample before the child bathes to prevent washing away the specimen.
Perform the test before BM to obtain an adequate specimen.

harmless, beneficial microorganisms such as non pathogens like lactobacillus acidophilus that live in G.I. tract and assist in digestion

non pathogens (normal flora)

Probiotics

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Probiotic food sources

Remind pts that yogurt, sauerkraut, Kimchi(korean-style fermented vegetables) are cheaper than purchasing probiotics and probably work better

droplet, direct contact, cause of pharyngitis

Adenovirus

This is the virus that transmits mononucleosis. contact with saliva

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

fecal-oral

Hep A

virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Hepatitis C (HCV)

The most widespread chronic blood-bourne illness in the US. No Vaccine available

a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips, genital herpes but that can also cause brain damage

Herpes Simplex Virus

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

a virus that attacks the immune system

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection

Measles virus
Transmitted by respiratory route
Macular rash and Koplik's spots
Encephalitis in 1 in 1000 cases
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in 1 in 1,000,000 cases
Prevented by vaccination

Measles (Rubeola)

molluscum contagiosum warts

contact transmission

Molluscipoxvirus

Methods of infection control that must be used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei.

Airborne precautions

droplet transmission

Respiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual

Contact Isolation Precautions

- spread by touching the patient or item in the room

Ex:
- MRSA, RE, diarrheal illnesses, open wounds

chicken pox and shingles-airborne,droplet,contact with blister fluid

Varicella Zoster Virus

causes diarrhea; most severe in children 3-24 months; fecal-oral transmission; common in day care centers; mild/moderate fever & vomiting with frequent watery stools; dehydration must be treated

Rotavirus

A highly contagious viral disease, especially affecting children, that causes swelling of the lymph glands and a reddish pink rash; may be harmful to the unborn baby of a pregnant woman who contracts it(airborne, droplet)

Rubella (German Measles)

- Slapped cheek rash, fever, runny nose, headache
- Secondary rash may appear on body especially soles of feet.
- Weakened immune system \= anemia, infections.(droplet, bloodborne)

Fifth Disease

Swollen parotid glands, pancreatitis and even orchitis in males (airborne and droplet)

Mumps virus

contact with infested pubic hair

Phthirus pubis (crab louse)

A parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract.

Tapeworms

Aspergillosis-airbourne

Aspergillus fumigatus

causes yeast infections-candidiasis(thrush, vaginal yeast infections-overgrowth of normal flora, not usually sexual -sometimes antibiotic use causes it

Candida albicans

Cryptococcosis (fungus) contact with poultry droppings

Cryptococcus neoformans

Histoplasmosis-(fungi)-airborne

Histoplasma capsulatum

Trichomoniasis-sexual contact

Trichomonas vaginalis

Food borne disease caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, usually pork, infected with Trichinella larvae

trichinosis

causes amoebic dysentery-(fecal-oral)

Entamoeba histolytica

A disease caused by mosquitoes(Vectors) implanting parasites in the blood.

Malaria

Infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. (airbourne)

whooping cough (pertussis)

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis (vector)eating undercooked meat-spore inhalation

Lyme disease

Tick-borne(Vector) disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

Chlamydia-sexual contact

Chlamydia trachomatis

Clostridium botulinum-foodborne

Botulism

C. diff causes colitis-(fecal-oral)

Clostridium difficile

tetanus-contact thorough deep wound

Clostridium tetani

meningitis-droplet

Group B strep

peptic ulcer disease with a bacterial infection-fecal oral

Helicobacter pylori

Legionella pneumophila-water aerosol

Legionnaire's disease

meningitis-droplet

Listeria monocytogenes

tuberculosis-airborne, droplet

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

gonorrhea- sexual

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Normal flora of the skin

Staphylococcus epidermidis

strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever-droplet

Streptococcus pyogenes

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

-Rickettsia rickettsii, vector is tick.

a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people- vectors like fleas and rodents

Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Treponema pallidum-sexual

Syphilis