WVU PSIO 107 Exam 6 - Digestive System

Which of the following would not be considered a nutrient required by cells?

a. glucose

b. lipids

c. vitamins

d. fiber

d. fiber

___________ is the process of moving nutrients across the intestinal mucosa and into the lymph or bloodstream for transport to the body’s cells.

a. ingestion

b. digestion

c. absorption

d. excretion

c. absorption

Which type of activity serves the function of moving a food bolus further along the intestine?

a. peristalsis

b. segmentation

c. absorption

d. secretion

a. peristalsis

These structures increase the surface area available for absorption in the intestinal wall.

a. villi and microvilli

b. submucosal and myenteric plexuses

c. circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

d. mucosa and submucosa

a. villi and microvilli

Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrate first occur?

a. in the mouth

b. in the stomach

c. in the small intestine

d. in the large intestine

a. in the mouth

Which hormone stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder?

a. gastrin

b. secretin

c. cholecystokinin (CCK)

d. renin

c. cholecystokinin (CCK)

True or False: The substances (chemicals) that our body needs but cannot synthesize and must be obtained through the diet are known as nonessential nutrients.

False

True or False: Pepsin continues to break down proteins throughout the small intestine.

False

The plicae can be described as:

a. specialized membrane structures found on each enterocyte

b. the folds of enterocytes that form finger-like projections of the mucosa

c. the circular folds of the mucosa which give the intestine a “bunched-up” appearance

d. all of the above

c. the circular folds of the mucosa which give the intestine a “bunched-up” appearance

This is the layer of cells that line the majority of the digestive tract.

a. mucosa

b. submucosa

c. muscularis externa

d. serosa

a. mucosa

In which layer of the intestinal wall would you locate blood and lymphatic capillaries that participate in absorption of nutrients?

a. mucosa

b. submucosa

c. muscularis externa

d. serosa

b. submucosa

Segmenting and peristaltic contractions are possible due to this intestinal structure.

a. muscularis interna

b. muscularis externa

c. submucosa

d. mucosa

b. muscularis externa

In which parts of the GI tract would you expect peristaltic contractions to occur?

a. esophagus

b. stomach

c. small intestine

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

True or False: Lymph nodes are located throughout the intestinal submucosal space.

True

The interstitial cells of Cajal are important for:

a. producing the depolarization needed for peristaltic contractions

b. secreting hormones that regulate digestion of nutrients

c. the defecation reflex

d. directing the absorption of lipid molecules

b. secreting hormones that regulate digestion of nutrients

Which of the following is a major stimulator for CCK secretion?

a. lipids in the small intestine

b. carbs in the mouth

c. carbs in the small intestine

d. protein in the stomach

a. lipids in the small intestine

Which segment of the small intestine is important in detecting break-down products and acid in chyme?

a. duodenum

b. jejunum

c. ileum

a. duodenum

Which term means to take in food/liquid to the digestive tract by swallowing (deglutition)?

a. ingestion

b. digestion

c. absorption

d. excretion

a. ingestion

True or False: The chemical digestion of lipids could occur in the mouth.

True

This term is used to describe the chemical or mechanical breakdown of food stuff.

a. ingestion

b. digestion

c. absorption

d. excretion

b. digestion

A graphic method for demonstrating the quantities of food groups we should take in daily is known as the:

a. venn diagram

b. food pyramid

c. nutrient circle

d. square meal chart

b. food pyramid

In the small intestine, lipids are absorbed

a. into the urinary system before being recycled into the bloodstream

b. directly into capillaries within the intestinal lining

c. only in the colon, where bacteria can break them into small enough droplets to be reabsorbed

d. into lymphatic vessels and passed through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

d. into lymphatic vessels and passed through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

The average adult takes in about ________ mL of water in food and beverages per day.

a. 1,000

b. 350

c. 6,000

d. 2,500

d. 2,500

Although dairy products contain protein, vitamins, and minerals, they should not be eaten in large quantities because they also contain

a. contaminants

b. too many sugars

c. toxins

d. fat

d. fat

Why is it recommended that we take in few fats, oils, and sweets?

a. they are toxic to us

b. we take in sufficient quantities in other food groups

c. they will give us too much energy

d. we cannot break them down

b. we take in sufficient quantities in other food groups

During anaerobic metabolism, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid to produce 2 ATP molecules. If oxygen is still not available, muscle will temporarily convert pyruvic acid into _______ to allow the conversion to continue. Excessive levels of this product causes muscle soreness.

a. lactic acid

b. uric acid

c. hydrochloric acid

d. nicotinic acid

a lactic acid

The process by which plants convert solar energy into glucose and oxygen is known as:

a. photosynthesis

b. parthenogenesis

c. solar metabolism

d. light chain reactions

a. photosynthesis

When we are cold, we shiver. Why?

a. it helps shake nutrients through our digestive system faster

b. we release so much adrenaline when cold that our fight-or-flight system makes us jittery

c. it is rapid muscle contraction that increases the need for ATP to speed up metabolism and generate heat

d. the cold makes us so weak that we shake while trying to remain upright

c. it is rapid muscle contraction that increases the need for ATP to speed up metabolism and generate heat

Lipid-soluble vitamins are vitamins

a. A, B, C, and D

b. A, D, E, and K

c. D, E, and K

d. B and C

b. A, D, E, and K

When cold, the body can increase the generation of heat through metabolism and can

a. increase sweating

b. increase absorption of nutrients

c. decrease loss of heat to the environment

d. decrease heart rate so that less heat is transported through the body

c. decrease loss of heat to the environment

The correct sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside is

a. mucous membrane, muscular layers, serous layer, submucosa

b. mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, serous layers

c. serous layer, muscular layers, mucous membrane, submucosa

d. submucosa, mucous membrane, serous layer, muscular layers

b. mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, serous layers

Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract:

a. from the pharynx to the anus

b. in the stomach and small intestine only

c. in the small and large intestines only

d. in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine only

a. from the pharynx to the anus

The teeth that are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food are the

a. incisors

b. cuspids

c. bicuspids

d. molars

a. incisors

The enzyme called salivary amylase functions to digest

a. carbs

b. proteins

c. fats

d. all of these

a. carbs

Gastrin, which is secreted by stomach cells, functions to

a. inhibit the production of hydrochloric acid

b. increase the secretion of pepsinogen

c. change pepsin into pepsinogen

d. initiate the cephalic phase of digestion

b. increase the secretion of pepsinogen

The part of the stomach closest to the small intestine is called the

a. fundic region

b. pyloric region

c. cardiac region

d. none of these

b. pyloric region

Cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion from the enterocytes is stimulated by the presence of

a. protein in the stomach

b. carbs in the small intestine

c. fat in the mouth

d. fat in the small intestine

d. fat in the small intestine

A relatively new treatment in the management of gastric ulcers is a drug that inhibits the production of Hal in the stomach. If a person took this medication for a long period, the chemical digestion of which of the following would be affected the most?

a. carbs

b. lipids

c. proteins

d. all of these would be affected

c. proteins

Heartburn is usually caused by effects of acidic gastric juice on the

a. heart

b. esophagus

c. stomach

d. small intestine

b. esophagus

Which of the following is a protein-splitting enzyme found in pancreatic juice?

a. trypsin

b. lipase

c. amylase

d. nuclease

a. trypsin

The liver functions to

a. form glucose from non-carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis)

b. produce vitamin D from cholesterol (pro-vitamin D)

c. destroy damaged red blood cells (hemolysis)

d. all of these

d. all of these

Which constituent of bile has a digestive function?

a. bile salts

b. bile pigments (like bilirubin)

c. cholesterol

d. electrolytes

a. bile salts

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged (and incapable of producing bile)?

a. carbs

b. lipids

c. proteins

d. all of these would be affected the same

b. lipids

The hormone called secretin functions to

a. convert trypsinogen into trypsin

b. activate chymotrypsin production

c. stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid

d. inhibit the action of pancreatic lipase

c. stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid

The condition called lactose intolerance is caused by

a. deficiency of lactose

b. deficiency of lactase

c. a lack of milk in the diet

d. a lack of A vitamins in the diet

b. deficiency of lactase

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

a. secrete digestive enzymes

b. reabsorb water from intestinal contents

c. regulate the release of bile

d. break down hemoglobin

b. reabsorb water from intestinal contents

During the defecation reflex, the

a. internal anal sphincter relaxes reflexively due to pressure on stretch receptors located throughout the rectum

b. glottis is opened

c. abdominal wall muscles relax

d. internal abdominal pressure is decreased

a. internal anal sphincter relaxes reflexively due to pressure on stretch receptors located throughout the rectum

The recommended percentage of calories in a person’s diet derived from fats should not exceed

a. 10%

b. 20%

c. 30%

d. 40%

c. 30%

True or False: Peristalsis is defined as a mixing movement that results in food in small segments of the alimentary canal being mixed with digestive enzymes.

False

True or False: Cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone released from intestinal mucosa enterocytes, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum.

True

True or False: Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor.

False

True or False: Large fat molecules tend to be transported away from the intestine by lymph.

True

True or False: Food passing from the stomach through the small intestine would first pass into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and lastly the ileum.

True

Which of the following factors influence basic metabolic rate (BMR)?

a. age, gender, and body surface area

b. amount of food intake

c. thyroxine production

d. both a and c

e. all of the above

d. both a and c

True or False: For body weight to remain stable, consumption of energy must equal energy output.

True

If body temperature drops below the normal set point for an individual, which of the following will occur?

a. the hypothalamic temperature regulating center will stimulate vasoconstriction and shivering

b. vasodilation of superficial blood vessels

c. sweat glands will be upregualted to enhance evaporative heat loss

d. skeletal muscle blood flow will be reduced along with muscular activity

a. the hypothalamic temperature regulating center will stimulate vasoconstriction and shivering

What is the defecation reflex, and what happens during it?

This is the urge to poop because there is feces in the rectum. The internal and external anal sphincters relax.

What is basic metabolic rate?

The amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest

What is the total metabolic rate?

the amount of kcal needed to fuel activity

What is hyperthermia?

The body temperature increases, metabolic rate increases, and then body temperature continues to increase.

What happens during heat stroke?

None of the heat loss mechanisms function

What happens during heat exhaustion?

the heat loss mechanisms still function

What causes fevers?

pyrogens

What is the range of homeostatic temperature?

96 - 100 F

What do heat loss mechanisms do?

release heat via radiation and evaporation (sweating)

What is the most important control factor in BMR?

amount of thyroxine produced

What mechanisms regulate food intake?

levels of nutrients in the blood

hormones (leptin, glucagon, insulin)

body temperature

psychological factors

What is ingestion?

take in food or drink

What is digestion?

break food down into simple units

What is absorption?

transfer nutrients into the blood

What is excretion?

eliminate unabsorbed materials and wastes

What is mastication?

chewing; mechanical digestion of food

What is deglutition?

swallowing

What is peristalsis?

wave-like contractions that propel food along the GI tract

What is segmentation?

mixing contractions that mix food with enzymes

What is chemical digestion?

breaking of chemical bonds by enzymes

What is the order of the digestive processes?

mastication, deglutition, peristalsis, segmentation, chemical digestion, absorption, excretion

What controls digestive activity?

reflexes via the parasympathetic division

What stimuli affect digestive activity?

stretch of the organ, pH of contents, presence of breakdown products

What are the reflexes in digestive activity?

activation/inhibition of glandular secretions

enhanced or reduced smooth muscle activity

What is the order for the phases of digestive activity?

cephalic, oral, gastric, intestinal, post-absorptive

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

anticipation of food stimulates salivation, gastric motility, and gastric secretion

What is the oral phase of digestion?

food in the mouth further stimulates salivation

What is the gastric phase of digestion?

food in the stomach further stimulates gastric motility and secretion

What is the intestinal phase of digestion?

chyme stimulates various digestive secretions; absorption occurs

What is the post-absorptive phase of digestion?

interdigestive period

How many teeth do humans have?

32 permanent

What do the salivary glands do?

produce saliva

What is saliva made of?

MOSTLY WATER, mucus, salivary amylase, salivary lipase

What makes up the oral cavity?

teeth, salivary glands, tongue, lips, and cheeks

How does the food bolus travel to the stomach?

1\.Food bolus is pushed toward pharynx by tongue

2\.Food bolus touches uvula, stimulating muscular contractions

3\.Food bolus pushes epiglottis over larynx

4\.Food bolus enters esophagus

5\.Food is propelled via peristaltic contractions to the stomach

What are the 4 functions of the stomach?

food reservoir, secrete HCl and pepsinogen, mix food with secretions, and release food to the small intestine in regulated quantities

What is absorbed by the stomach?

aspirin and alcohol

What are gastric rugae?

folds in the lining of the stomach that flatten as the stomach fills

What does mucus protect against?

pepsin, acid, and mechanical damage

How does cholesterol travel through the bloodstream?

lipoproteins

Where do low-density lipoproteins transport to? (BAD)

body cells

Where do high-density lipoproteins transport to? (GOOD)

from body cells to liver

What are the 2 functions of cholesterol?

structural basis of steroid hormones and vitamin D

helps build plasma membranes

Where does most cholesterol come from?

liver