T or F. The nucleus is the center of the atom, which contains most of the mass.
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Atom
The smallest part of an element that retains the properties of the element.
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Atomic Number
The number of protons of an element.
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Proton
The part of an atom with a positive charge.
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Compound
A pure substance made of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
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5
How many electrons does 15P (phosphorus) have in the outermost shell (Hint: use periodic table)?
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Carbon
All organic compounds contain:
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1,2,3,4
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon make how many bonds respectively?
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Covalent
Type of bond that occurs as a result of electron sharing
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Ionic
Type of bond that occurs as a result of electron transfer.
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Hydroxyl
An O-H group is called a(n)
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Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture that is not uniform.
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True
T or F. Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons and this property is known as the octet rule.
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Hydroxyl
All alcohols contain a(n) \_________ group.
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a. Break bonds
b. form bonds
c. transform bonds
Proteins that function as enzymes are able to:
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True
T or F. A peptide bond is a chemical bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid of a second amino acid.
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Emulsifier
A compound that helps oil to be suspended in water is called a(n):
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9
How many of the 20 amino acids are essential to humans?
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Tertiary structure
The 3-D shape of a protein is very important to its function. This bending and folding of the protein chain is called its
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Denaturation
Heat is capable of causing a change in the 3-D shape of a protein. When this occurs, we describe the change as
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Tertiary structure
Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein.
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Secondary structure
Structure associated with folds of the polypeptide chain.
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Quaternary structure
Structure present in proteins when it has more than one amino acid chain.
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Primary chain
Order and number of amino acids in a protein chain.
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Places the hydrophobic amino acids in the interior region of the protein
In the three-dimensional organization of a protein chain, the folded configuration usually:
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True
T or F. Functional properties of proteins that are desirable for food processing are the result of protein denaturation.
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Gluten
Proteins responsible for dough elasticity include:
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d. Both A and B
Structural proteins are associated with:
a. cell wall integrity in plan systems
b. connective tissue in animal systems
c. color development in muscle tissue
d. both a and b
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False
T or F. B-Glucanase are enzymes associated with meat tenderization.
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b. Use of sugar solutions
Which of these would not be an alternative to reduce enzymatic activity associated with browning in plant tissue:
a. use of temperature
b. use of sugar solutions
c. use of acids
d. removal of oxygen
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Ketone
Fructose is a polyhydroxy
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Isomers
Since glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula, they are
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Fructose
This is the sweetest monosaccharide
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Invertase
Converts sucrose to a mixture of fructose and glucose
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Glucose and fructose
Sucrose, common table sugar, is composed of which two monosaccharides?
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Glycosidic
This bond is formed between two sugar molecules.
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Amylopectin
Branched chain of glucose found in plants.
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Amylose
Long, straight, digestible chain of glucose found in plants.
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Gelatinization
The swelling of a starch granule in response to heat.
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Fiber
This type of carbohydrate cannot be digested or used for energy.
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β-glycosidic bonds
The type of linkage that human enzymes cannot break is called:
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c. Monosaccharides
Which of the following are reducing sugars?
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Reducing sugars and amino acids
The Maillard reaction occurs between:
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Glycerol and fatty acids
Triglycerides are composed of which of the following?
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The addition of hydrogen to break double bonds
What is the definition of hydrogenation?
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d. All of the above
Factors that affect the rate of oxidative rancidity include which of the following?
a. light
b. presence of oxygen
c. Presence of metal ions like Fe and Cu
d. all of the above
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On the same side
In a "cis" configuration, hydrogens in the double bonded carbons are:
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Independent variables
Name for a variable that is changing during the experiment.
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Controlled variables
Name for a variable that stays exactly the same during the experiment.
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Dependent variables
Name for the variable that is measured during the experiment.
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Data
Information gathered during an experiment.
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False
T or F. The scientific method should only be used to solve problems related to science.
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b. Steps must be applied in order.
Which of the following is false about scientific methods?
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His constants are inadequate.
Robert wants to see how sunlight affects plant growth. He takes two different types of plants. He puts one of them in sunlight for 6 hours a day. After a week, he measures the plants. What is the problem with Robert's experiment?
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Inferences
Which of these should not be reworded as experimental data?
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False
T or F. By the use of the scientific method, the data collected is always used to confirm the hypothesis.
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True
T or F. Reporting findings from research experiments allows others to build upon them.
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4 calories/gram
How many calories are in a gram of protein?
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10-35% of total calories
What is the recommendation for protein by the dietary reference intakes?
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76 grams
How many grams (approximately) of protein a day would you recommend for a person that weighs 210 pounds based on 0.8 grams per kg body weight?
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21 grams
How many grams of protein would a 3 oz. piece of meat provide?
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113 grams
How many grams (approximately) of protein would provide 25% of total calories on an 1,800 calorie a day diet?
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a. Almonds
Which of the following foods is an incomplete protein?
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b. Vegetable and beans
Which of these dishes would NOT lead to a meal with complementary proteins?
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Trans fatty acids
Which fatty acids should be limited or excluded from your diet?
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Stomach
Responsible for starting digestion
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Pancreas
Produces lipase
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Liver
Produces bile
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Small intestine
Absorbs up to 95% of fats
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False
T or F. Dietary advice by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines suggest that fat should be limited to 20-35% of total caloric intake.
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Fats
In a ketogenic diet, which of the food components are mostly consumed?
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False
T or F. It is not necessary to include fat in your diet, since there are no essential fatty acids.
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Olive oil
A food that would be a good source of a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) would be:
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Salmon
Which of the following type of fish is a good source of omega 3 fatty acids?
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Flaxseed
A good source of plant-based Omega-3 fatty acid would be:
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Omega-3 fatty acids
The types of fats that we should make an effort to increase consumption are:
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c. High in solid fats
Which of the statements is wrong about the Mediterranean diet?
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d. Fructose and lactose never become blood sugars.
Which statement about carbohydrates if FALSE:
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45%
What % of calories comes from CHO in a diet that provides 2100 calories and 250 grams of CHO?
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a. Hamburger meat
Which of the following foods is NOT a source of carbohydrates:
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a. Diarrhea
Which of the following health concerns is NOT related to high sugar intake?
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True
T or F. A good way to decrease sugar in the diet is to drink fewer sugar containing beverages and substitute with water.
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Glycogen
Form of energy storage
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Amylase
Breaks down polysaccharides into maltose and other disaccharides
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Sucrase
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose
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Glucose
Provides energy to cells
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b. Includes the germ, endosperm, and bran of the grain used as ingredients
Which of the following describes a whole grain product?
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25 grams a day
The fiber recommendation for women is:
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1300
A teen needs how many milligrams of calcium a day?
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Vitamin D
Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin?
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d. Apple juice → Apple, raw
Which of these food substitutes would best increase fiber intake considering their common measure?
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Bread, fruits, vegetables
What are the top three contributions to dietary fiber consumption in the U.S.?
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Folate
Which of these micronutrients is associated with neural tube defect?
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Vitamin D and iron
Breast milk is the best food for infants, however it still lacks to micronutrients. Which ones are those?
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c. Cow's milk
In which of these foods is calcium the most bioavailable?
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a. Beef
Which of the following is a good source of heme iron?
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When pregnant
At which stage of a woman's life cycle requires the highest amount of iron intake?
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False
T or F. Multivitamin pills and other supplements should be consumed by all age groups.
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b. Vitamin C
Vitamins and minerals that are included on the new food label include all the following except:
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Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Intake value thought to meet the requirement up 50% of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and of a given sex.