motivation, emotion, and personality AP psych

study set for meh

how do psychologists define motivation?

Psychologists define motivation as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

from what perspective do they view motivated behavior

Psychologists view motivated behavior from instinct, drive-reduction, arousal theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

due to predisposition we have

drives

physiological needs food/water create

an aroused motivated state, pushes to reduce what we need

drive reduction theory explains that

a physiological (hunger) need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates organism to satisfy the need

drive reduction is one way our

bodies strive for homeostasis

what is homeo-stasis

tendency to maintain balanced internal state

we are pulled by

incentives

Pos. and Neg. environmental stimuli that lure/repel us. Given such stimuli, our underlying drives for food and sex become..

active impluses

the more the impluses are satisfied or reinforced, the stronger

the drive may become

there is both a

need and incentive

physiological need

basic body requirement

instinct is

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout species and is unlearned; preprogrammed tendencies that are essential to a species's survival.

incentive is

positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior

what is the yerkes dodson law

to theory/law that moderate arousal leads to optimal preformance; the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

when training for an exam, it pays off to be

moderately aroused, alert but not trembling w nervousness

driven by curiosity

young monkeys and children are fascinated by the unfamiliar. their drive to explore maintains an opium level of arousal, and is one of several motives, that do not fill any immediate physiological need

primary drives

directly related to survival and include the need for food, water, and oxygen.

secondary drives

drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth

maslow's hierarchy of needs

we prioritize survival based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

evolutionary psych/instinct theory states

there is a genetic basis for unlearned species-typical behavior

hypothalamus

body maintenance --> control of hunger. blood vessels supply to the hypothalamus, enabling it to respond to our current blood chemistry as well as to incoming neural info about the body's state.

brain controls eating too

ghrelin, orexin, insulin, leptin, pyy

ghrelin and orexin

increase eating

insulin and leptin

decrease eating

ghrelin

horomone secreted by empty stomach sends "im hungry" signals to the brain

orexin

hunger triggering horomone secreted by the hypothalamus

insulin

protein horomone secreted by fat cells; when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

pyy

digestive tract horomone, sends "im not hungry" signals to the brain

hunger occurs in response to

low blood gluclose and high levels of ghrelin

our internal hunger is pushed by

physiology, our body chemistry and hypothalamic activity

with weight, as with intelligence and other characteristics, there can be

heritability (genetic influences)

genes mostly determine why

one person is heavier than another

why can two people of the same height, age and activity level maintain the same weight, even if one of them eat more than the other? or much less?

genetically influenced set points, metabolism, and other factors influence the way our bodies burn calories, sleep deprivation can make us more vulnerable.

sex horomones

sex horomones influence us at many points in the lifespan

sex horomones

during prenatal period; they direct development
during puberty; sex horomone surge into adolescence
after puberty; sex horomones facilitate sexual behavior

main male sex horomones

testosterone

main female sex horomones

estrogen

set point is

a point where an individuals "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

body's resting rate of expenditure

how do anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces in physiologically motivated behaviors?

psychological factors may overwhelm the homeostatic drive to maintain a balanced internal state. cultural pressures, low self esteem, and negative emotions interact w/ stressful life experiences to produce eating disorders

research studies indicate that these disorders (ED, B, BE) may have

a genetic impact

anorexia

person diets and becomes usually 15% under the body weight.

bulimia

episodes of overeating, followed by fasting or vomitting

binge eating disorder

significant binge eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without purging, faster or exercise in contrary to bulimia

what factors predispose some people to become and remain obese? (1)

lack of exercise with the abundance of high calorie food. Body weight has been shown to be genetic (fat cells and BMR)

what stages mark the human sexual response cycle?

masters and Johnson's 4 stages in the human sexual response cycle are, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

sexual response cycle described by

masters and johnson.

refactory period

a resting period after orgasm, when a person cant achieve another orgasm, seen in men

sexual dysfunction

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or sexual functioning, at any point in the sexual response cycle

Erectile Disorder

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

Female Orgasmic Disorder

distress due to infrequently/never experiencing orgasm

Paraphilias

Sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving non-human objects/the suffering of self or others &/ non consenting persons. Example, Jefferey Dahmer

Someone who is distressed by impaired sexual arousal may be diagnosed with

Sexual Dysfunction

Exhibitionism would be considered a

Paraphilia

Aids

defined as a life threatening STI caused by HIV. Aids depletes the immune system, leaving person vulnerable to infections

men and women become more aroused when they see, hear, read

erotic material

the psychology of sex

biological factors powerfully influence our sexual motivation and behavior.

bio influence

sexual maturity, sex hormones, especially testosterone

psych influence

exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies

social cultural influence

family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations, media

sexual motivation is made up of

bio influence, psych influence, and social-cultural influence

obesity

BMI of 30 or higher

our sexual motivation is

less influenced by bio factors

what plays a bigger role in sexual motivation

psychological and social-cultural factors

Exposure to sexually explicit material

can have adverse effects such as, believing rape is acceptable, reducing satisfaction w/ a partners appearance, desensitization (low sexual desire, diminished brain, and erectile problems).

what factors influence sexual motivation and behavior?

influences include Bio factors such as, sexual maturity and sex hormones. Psychological factors such as environmental stimuli and fantasies. Social-cultural factors such as the values and expectations absorbed from family and surrounding culture.

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

testosterone

most important sex hormone. the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics in puberty.

external stimuli

with repeated exposure to any stimulus, including erotic stimulus, the emotional response lessens, or habituates.

imagined stimuli

the stimuli inside our heads, our imagination can influence sexual arousal and desire

communication about birth control

many teens are uncomfy discussing contraceptives. teens who are open to parents will be more likely to use contraceptives

impulsivity

unplanned sexual activity may result in pregnancy

alcohol use

those who use alcohol prior to sex are less likely to used condoms

mass media

the more content adolescents and young adults view/read, the more likely they are to perceive their peers as sexually active, to develop sexually permissive attitudes and to experience early intercourse.

those who delayed sex is because of

high intelligence, religion, those with a father, community service/learning participation.

what three of five factors contribute to unplanned pregnancy?

a) alc use
b)high intelligence
c)father absence
d) mass media
e)service learning
ANSWER: a,c,d

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction towards members of ones own sex (homo), the other sex (hetero), or both sexes (bi)

do we choose sexual orientation

It is something we do not choose, and cannot change.

compared to heterosexuals

gay men appear, on average, more "female typical" in brain pattern responses and lesbian women are "male typical"

evidence indicates that "about a third of variation in sexual orientation is attributable to ___"

genetic factors

the older brother effect

a mans likelihood of homosexuality as a function of the number of biological older brothers he has. this correlation has been found in several studies. but only among right handed men

modern scientific research indicates that sexual orientation is........

partly determined by genetics, but more specifically by hormonal activity in the womb

male homosexuality often appears to be transmitted from the

mothers side of the family

shared sexual orientation is higher among

identical twins than among fraternal twins.

sexual attraction in fruit flies can be

genetically manipulated

gay-straight trait differences

spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge counts, auditory system development, handedness, occupational preferences. relative finger lengths, gender non conformity, age of onset of puberty in males, face structure and birth size/weight, sleep length, physical aggression, walking style

increased sex

doesn't equal happiness

A striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is the
a. end of sexual desire in men over 60
b. sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty
c. decrease in women's sexual desire at the time of ovulation
d. increase in testosterone levels in castrated males

b. sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishments AKA mastery of skills or ideas

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

social networking tends to ______ (strengthen/weaken) your relationships with people you already know and _________ (increase/decrease) your self disclosure

strengthen;increase

what have researchers found to be a even better predictor of school performance than intelligence test scores

grit AKA self discipline

emotions are a mix of

bodily arousal (heart pounding), expressive behaviors(quickened pace), conscious experience(is this a kidnapping?) and feelings

according to the cannon-bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus(for example, a pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example fear) occur _____ (simultaneously/sequentially)

Simultaneously

According to the james-lange theory (a) and (b) occur_______(simultaneously/sequentially)

sequentially

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

James Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus