chemistry paper 1

C1 Atomic Structure

Atoms are the particles that make up everything

What are atoms?

An element is a substance in which all the atoms are the same

What is an element?

Elements are shown in the Periodic table

Where are elements shown?

There are around 118 elements

How many elements are there?

A compound is a substance that contain two or more elements chemically combined

What is a compound?

The properties of compounds are usually different to the elements that they are made from

Describe the properties of compounds

A mixture is a substance with different elements or compounds not chemically combined

What is a mixture?

An example of a mixture is sand and water as they are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means

Give an example of a mixture

A molecule is a substance that has any elements chemically joined

What is a molecule?

A chemical formula tells the elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of each element

What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule?

Each element symbol starts with a capital letter, if there is a second letter it is in lower case

How is a chemical formula presented?

Give an example of a chemical formula

State symbols show the physical state of the substance solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), or dissolved in water (aq)

What are state symbols?

-Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points

Name three properties of Metals

-Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points

Name three properties of Non-Metals

Four different ways of separating mixtures are filtration, crystallisation, distillation or chromatography

State the four different ways of separating mixtures

Pour your mixture onto the filter paper, the liquid simply passes through the filter paper into the flask. The insoluble solid cannot pass through and so it stays on the paper

Describe the process of filtration

Use the method of filtration to filter off any excess soluble solid. Evaporate the mixture then transfer the hot mixture onto a dish. Crystals are formed when the mixture has cooled

Describe the process of crystallisation

First we evaporate the mixture by heating it, the dissolved solid then vaporises. These vapours condense in the condenser, the dissolved solid then flows into the beaker and liquid stays in the flask

Describe the process of simple distillation

Take a strip of filter paper and draw a line on the bottom of the paper. Put a small drop of ink on the line, take a jar full of water up to the line and put the filter paper in. As the water moves up we see different colours on the paper these are the dyes in the ink

Describe the process of chromatography

Early ideas of the structure of atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be divided

What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms?

The plum pudding model is what scientists suggested is the structure of atoms is after the discovery of the electron

What is the plum pudding model?

The plum pudding model suggested that an atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons in embedded in it

Describe the plum pudding model

Rutherford took a piece of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at the gold foil

Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil experiment

Rutherford observed that most of the particles when straight through the gold foil and sometimes the alpha particles bounce back of the gold foil

What did Rutherford observe in the experiment?

Rutherford discovered that atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha particles went straight through the gold atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is very small as only a small number of alpha particles bounce back

What did Rutherford discover from these observations?

The nuclear model states that most of an atom is empty space, in the centre is the nucleus which contains protons and neutrons around the edge we find electrons

Describe the structure of the nuclear model

What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of protons, neutrons and electrons?

Because atoms have have no overall charge

Why do atoms have the same number of protons as electrons?

An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get positive or negative ions

What is an Ion?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes

What is an Isotope?

The mass number is the number on the top of an element it is the number of proton and neutrons combined

What is the mass number of an element?

The atomic number is the number on the bottom it is number of protons in an atom, which is the same as the number of electrons

What is the atomic number of an element?

Shell 1 : 2 electrons
Shell 2 : 8 electrons
Shell 3 : 8 electrons

How many electrons can you fit in the first, second and third shells?

A set of number to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells, eg. [2,6]

What is an Electronic structure?

C2 The periodic table

He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he saw that every eighth element reacted in a similar way

What did John Newlands periodic table look like?

He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he switched the order of some elements to the fitted in the patterns of other elements. He left gaps for undiscovered elements

What did Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table look like?

Elements are arranged in order of atomic number, the elements are organised in groups and periods which have the similar properties

What does the modern periodic table look like?

Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together in groups

Why are elements in the periodic table grouped the way they are?

Elements in a group have similar chemical properties because they all have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level therefore react similarly

Why do elements in a group have similar chemical properties?

Group 1: alkali metals
Group 2: alkaline earth metals
Group 7: halogens
Group 0: noble gases

What are the names of group 1, 2, 7 and 0?

Where are the metals and non-metals located on the periodic table?

When metals react they lose electrons to achieve a full outer energy level

What happens to metals when they react?

Group 1 form 1+ ions
Group 2 form 2+ ions

What ions do metals from group 1 and 2 form?

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium,
Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

Name the elements in Group 1

In the reaction one group 1 metal transfers its outer electron to the oxygen another group 1 metal does the same, now all the atoms have a full outer energy level. The metals have a 1+ charge and the oxygen has a 2- charge

Describe the reaction of a group 1 metal and oxygen in terms of electrons

In the reaction a group 1 metal transfers its outer electron to the chlorine, now both atoms have a full outer energy level. The metals have a 1+ charge and the chlorine has a 1- charge

Describe the reaction of a group 1 metal and chlorine in terms of electrons

Metal + Water →
Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

What is the word equation for the reaction of group 1 metals and water?

When water reacts with lithium the reaction is fast and there is fizzing. When it reacts with sodium the reaction is very fast and gas is produced. When it reacts with potassium the reaction is extremely fast and there is a small flame. In all the reactions the water turns alkaline

Describe the reaction of the first three group 1 metals and water

Group 1 metals react faster as you move down the column

Describe the correlation of the reactivity of a group 1 metal and it's location in the table

As we move down the group the outer electron is less attracted to the nucleus and easier to lose because it has a greater distance between the positive nucleus

Why are group 1 metals more reactive as we move down the group?

Group 1 metals have low melting points and a low density, they are soft metals and react very rapidly

Name some properties group 1 metals

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine

What elements are in group 7?

Group 7 elements need 1 electron to fill their outer shell so they just share an electron with another group 7 element, this is known as covalent bonding

How do group 7 elements achieve full outer shells?

Group 7 elements have a higher melting and boiling point as you move down the column

Describe the correlation of the melting and boiling point of a group 7 element and it's location in the table

Group 7 elements form covalent compounds when they react with other non-metal atoms so the electrons are shared

What is formed when group 7 elements react with non-metal atoms?

Group 7 elements form ionic compounds when they react with metals so the electrons are transferred

What is formed when group 7 elements react with metals?

When a group 7 element reacts with a metal the group 7 element gains and electron and forms a 1- ion

When a group 7 element reacts with a metal what charges does the group 7 element have?

Group 7 elements have a lower reactivity as you move down the column

Describe the correlation of the reactivity of a group 7 element and it's location in the table

An element at the top has less distance between the nucleus and the outer energy level so it gains electrons easier, an element at the bottom has a greater distance between the nucleus and the outer energy level so it is harder to gain electrons

Why is it harder for an element at the bottom of the group to gain an electron that an element at the top of the group?

A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its salt

Explain what happens in a displacement reaction

Sodium Bromide + Fluorine → Sodium + Bromine Fluoride

Give an example of a displacement reaction

Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon

What elements are in group 0?

Group 0 elements have full outer shells and so they don't need to react to fill up their shells

Why are group 0 elements unreactive?

Group 0 elements have a lower melting and boiling point as you move down the column

Describe the correlation of the melting and boiling point of a group 0 element and it's location in the table

Transition metals are located in the centre of the periodic table

Where are transition metals located?

Transition metals are hard and strong and have a high density and melting point, they are good conductors of heat and electricity. They for coloured compounds and can be used as catalysts

Name some properties of transition elements

C3 Structure and bonding

The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases

What are the three states of matter?

The particle theory describes the movement and arrangement of particles

What is the particle theory?

The particles in a solid are packed closely together in a fixed arrangement, they vibrate constantly

Describe the particles in a solid

The particles in a liquid are close together in a changing, random arrangement, they can move around

Describe the particles in a liquid

The particles in a gas are much further apart in a random arrangement, they move very quickly

Describe the particles in a gas

A solid turns into a liquid when it reaches it's melting point. As the temperature increases the particles vibrate faster until the forces between them breaks and a liquid is formed

When does a solid become a liquid?

A liquid turns into a gas when it reaches it's boiling point. As the temperature increases the particles move around faster, at the boiling point bubbles of gas form and rise to the surface and a gas is formed

When does a liquid become a gas?

Substances with higher and melting and boiling points have stronger forces between the particles

How are the forces between particles affected by melting and boiling points?

Elements form compounds by gaining or losing electrons or by sharing electrons

How do elements form compounds?

In ionic bonding a metal reacts with a non-metal

In ionic bonding what two types of element react?

Electrons from the metal is transferred to the non-metals to give both elements full outer shells

How are full outer energy levels achieved in ionic bonding?

Ionic compounds transfer electrons to achieve full outer shells

How do ionic compounds achieve full outer shells?

Group 1/ 1+
Group 2/ 2+
Group 3/ 3+
Group 5/ 3-
Group 6/ 2-
Group 7/ 1-

What ions do Group 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 elements form?

Ionic compounds form a giant ionic lattice where every positive ion is surrounded by a negative ions

Describe the structure of an ionic compound

Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces

What are ionic compounds held together by?

The properties of ionic compounds are that they can transfer electrons when they react, they have high melting and boiling points and can conduct electricity when they are not solids

What are the properties of ionic compounds

Tonic compounds have high melting and boiling points because the strong electrostatic forces require a lot of heat energy to break

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

Ionic compounds can't conduct electricity when they are solids because the ions cannot move, they are locked in place by strong electrostatic forces

Why can't ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are solids?

Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are liquids or dissolved in water because the ions can now move and carry the charge

Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are liquids or dissolved in water?

In covalent bonding happens between two non-metals

In covalent bonding what two types of element react?

In covalent bonding full outer energy levels are achieved by two non-metals sharing electrons

How are full outer energy levels achieved in covalent bonding?

The properties covalent molecules are that they share electrons when they react, they have a low melting and boiling points and cannot conduct electricity

What are the properties of covalent molecules

Covalent Molecules have a low melting and boiling point because the bond between the molecules is weak and so it doesn't need a lot of energy to break the intermolecular forces

Why do Covalent Molecules have a low melting and boiling point?

Covalent Molecules can't conduct electricity because they don't have an overall electric charge

Why can't Covalent Molecules conduct electricity ?

Giant covalent molecules are solids at room tempreature

What state are giant covalent molecules at room temperature?

Giant covalent molecules have high melting and boiling points because they have millions of strong covalent bonds

Do giant covalent molecules have high or low melting and boiling points?

Three giant covalent molecules are diamond, silicon dioxide and graphite

Name three giant covalent molecules

Diamond is formed from the element carbon

What element is diamond formed from?

Carbon forms 4 bonds

How many bonds does Carbon form?

Diamond has a giant molecular structure. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms, diamonds contains many strong covalent bonds

Describe the structure of a diamond