post thanksgiving

1453 CE-Ottomans capture Constantinople (fall of byzantine empire)

Muslim veil-higher charges for goods (distrust bc of crusades)

Prince Henry the Navigator-(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who funded expeditions and training schools

Who led the way in exploration in the 1400's?-Portugal

Christ and Spice-Euros sook this in Africa

Souls and Gold-Euros sook after in America

why did consumers want spices-flavor food, medicine

Vasco da Gama-1497, pepper stalk story, shows cultural knowledge of Indian Ocean people

Zamorin of Calicut-did not care for VDG taking a pepper stalk

boat cannon-biggest chinese invention during exploration

Dutch East India Company-tried to conquer (ruthlessly) the Indies--naval weaponry was key advantage

Dutch East India Company-who tried to monopolize off cloves

400-1000CE-time of the Mayans

Yucatan and Central America-where are the Mayans from

city-states-what type of imperial system did the Mayans use

math and astronomy/calendar-what are the Mayans known for

overpop. and climate change from local deforestation-what was Mayan decline

1400-1500CE-Incas

Andes, Peru-where are the Incas from

Incas are very warlike, and centralized compared to Mayans-whats different from the Mayans and Incas

forced labor to make roads-what is the Mita system (Incas)

diseases, roads, civil war-what helped spain conquer the Incas?

Kidnapped the chief and told the Incas to bring all their gold and jewels--they did, but then Spain looted and killed the leader-what did the Spaniards do w the chief

1400-1500CE-Azteca

warlike-Aztecs like the Incas?

Mexico and Central America-Where are the Incas?

Tenochtitlan-main city?

elaborate canals, roads, and advanced architecture w/ large pop 250k-what made the Spanish like Tenochtitlan?--only like Istanbul

Aztecs had a lot of enemies from growing empire-what aided Spanish conquest of the Aztecs

Quipu-what was the Incan communication system

Columbian Exchange-what is the reciprocal transfer of crops and commodities East and West called

animals: pigs, cattle, horses, sheep, and goats

plants: wheat, rice, and sugar-What new comm. did the Western Hemisphere get?

potatoes, corn (maize), tomatoes-What new comm. did the Eastern Hemisphere get?

The Great Dying-Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.

encomienda system-king owned all land

allowed spanish citizens (nobles) to get grants of land

get to use all the resources on land (including serfs)

Bartholeme de las Casas-c. 1540 priest who exposed harsh conditions

New Laws (spread more christianity and less work hours)

euros turned to african slave trade

Mercantantilism-the economic theory

nations should hoard as much wealth as possible

colonies should make mother countries rich

exploit colonies and colonists

based on race-Spanish Class system

peninsulares-pure spanish, born in spain

criollos-pure spanish, born in america

mestizos-half spanish half native american

mulattoes-half spanish half african

1. BDLC

2. NA were dying

a. sugar (infections killed them)

b. labor intensive, required a lot of workers, boosted Trans-Atlantic trade

c. already slave trades-why did the spanish turn to plantations

Portugal-domination 1500's

Dutch-domination 1600's

Brits + French-domination 1700's

British-domination 1800's

made it illegal to trade with foreigners (piracy, smuggling)-what did Spain do with its American colonies

pushed past Spaniards in naval technology; were faster and better sailors and traders-British and Dutch did what in the 1500-1600's

British defeat Spanish Armada (standstill) (then netherlands rebel against spanish control)-what happened in 1588

-Northern America hasn't been colonized yet; France in Canada; British in East Coast expect NY--Dutch

fish, fur, timber

better and cheaper than Iberians-North America trades

more autonomy than the Spanish colonies, more democracy-north america colonies

7 year war-what ended in 1763

British drove French from North America and india--British dominance-what was the 7 year war

-lack of industry and investment with wealth from the New World

-business is beneath gentlemen

-involvement in European land wars (religious)

-cost of defending huge empire (N and S America) and inflation from North America-decline of Spain

increase serfdom-what did Europeans do to supply food

1300-1500 CE-Italian Renaissance

cultural diffusion--crusades (house of wisdom)

Italy dominated Med. trade

roman heritage-why Italy in the 1300's

belief in humanity's potential and ability to improve-humanism

focus on non-religious subjects-secularism

celebrating individual talents and achievements-individualism

goes up-status of artists in Italy

realism

naturalism

depth and perspective

new and brighter colors-elements of Italian art

Northern renaissance-which renaissance was more religious

Sir Thomas More-devote christian and catholic; utopia (centered on christianity)

Avignon Popes (french and italian)-2 popes

Great Western Schism-A split within the Church that lasted from 1395 to 1450, when there were two or three claimants to the papacy at once.

they kidnapped him, but the italians didn't get him back bc they were divided-what did the french do to the italian pope

they chose a new pope, but couldn't think of which one to follow (75 years)-after the italian pope was kidnapped what did the italians do?

College of Cardinals-(Roman Catholic Church) the body of cardinals who advise the Pope and elect new Popes

lived lavish lives,

uneducated,

not following celibacy rules

indulgences-- told people to pay to forgive sins-priests during the 1400's

Martin Luther-German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation; translated the bible into german

95 Theses--official beginning of the protestant reformation-1517

questions about catholic church

stirs controversy-95 Theses